Primary Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis: Novel Findings In Patients Studied By Next-generation Sequencing
Primary distal renal tubular acidosis: novel findings in patients studied by next-generation sequencing Pediatric Research volume79,pages496501(2016) Cite this article A Corrigendum to this article was published on 01 November 2017 Primary distal renal tubular acidosis (DRTA) is a rare disease caused by loss-of-function mutations in at least three genes (ATP6V0A4, ATP6V1B1, and SLC4A1) involved in urinary distal acidification. The next-generation sequencing (NGS) technique facilitates the search for mutations in DRTA patients and helps to characterize the genetic and clinical spectrum of the disease. Ten DRTA patients were studied. They had normal serum anion gap (AG), metabolic acidosis with simultaneous positive urinary AG, and inability to maximally acidify the urine. The exons of the three genes were sequenced in two pools by ultrasequencing. Putative mutations were confirmed by corresponding Sanger sequencing of each exon. We found 13 mutations in nine patients. ATP6V0A4: Intron16+2insA; p.R807Q; p.Q276fs; p.P395fs; Intron7-2T>C. ATP6V1B1: p.I386fs; p.R394Q. SLC4A1: p.V245M; p.R589C; p.R589H; p.G609A. One case was a compound heterozygous with a known mutation in ATP6V1B1 (p.G609R) and a pathogenic variation at SLC4A1 (p.E508K). One patient was negative for mutations. This study evidences that NGS is labor and cost effective for the analysis of DRTA genes. Our results show for the first time SLC4A1 gene mutations in Spanish patients and disclose that compound heterozygosity at two different genes can be responsible for DRTA. Primary distal renal tubular acidosis (DRTA) ( 1 ) is caused by a genetic defect that impairs the ability of kidneys to maximally acidify the urine in the presence of normal serum anion gap hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. Autosomal-recessive Continue reading >>
New Findings On The Pathogenesis Of Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis
The Kidney in Genetic and Rare Diseases: Review New Findings on the Pathogenesis of Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis Trepiccione F.a Prosperi F.a, b de la Motte L.R.a, b Hbner C.A.c Chambrey R.d Eladari D.e Capasso G.a, b aDepartment of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Science, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and bBiogem S.c.a.r.l., Research Institute Gaetano Salvatore, Ariano Irpino, Italy; cInstitute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; dInserm U1188, Diabte athrothrombose Thrapies Runion Ocan Indien (DTROI), Universit de La Runion, and eService d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Rnales, Hpital Felix Guyon, CHU de la Runion, Saint-Denis, Ile de la Runion, France Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Science University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli E-Mail [email protected] Background: Distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) is characterized by an impairment of the urinary acidification process in the distal nephron. Complete or incomplete metabolic acidosis coupled with inappropriately alkaline urine are the hallmarks of this condition. Genetic forms of dRTA are caused by loss of function mutations of either SLC4A1, encoding the AE1 anion exchanger, or ATP6V1B1 and ATP6V0A4, encoding for the B1 and a4 subunits of the vH+ATPase, respectively. These genes are crucial for the function of A-type intercalated cells (A-IC) of the distal nephron. Summary: Alterations of acid-base homeostasis are variably associated with hypokalemia, hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis or nephrolithiasis, and a salt-losing phenotype. Here we report the diagnostic test and the underlying physiopathological mechanisms. The molecular mechanisms identified so far can explain the defect in acid secretion, but do not ex Continue reading >>
Hereditary Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis: New Understandings
Hereditary Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis: New Understandings Daniel Batlle, Hrishikesh Ghanekar, Sheeja Jain, Amit Mitra Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, Northwestern University Medical School, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60611-3008; e-mail: [emailprotected] Abstract The primary or hereditary form of distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA), although rare, has received increased attention recently because of dramatic advances in the understanding of its genetic basis. The final regulation of renal acid excretion is effected by various acid/base transporters localized in specialized cells in the cortical collecting and outer medullary collecting tubules. Inherited defects in two of the key acid/base transporters involved in distal acidification, as well as mutations in the cytosolic carbonic anhydrase gene, can cause dRTA. The syndrome is inherited in both autosomal dominant and recessive patterns; patients with recessive dRTA present with either acute illness or growth failure at a young age, sometimes accompanied by deafness, whereas dominant dRTA is usually a milder disease and involves no hearing loss. The AE1 gene encodes two Cl/HCO3 exchangers that are expressed in the erythrocyte and in the acid-secreting intercalated cells of the kidney. AE1 contributes to urinary acidification by providing the major exit route for HCO3 across the basolateral membrane. Several mutations in the AE1 gene cosegregate with dominant dRTA. The modest degree of hypofunction exhibited in vitro by these mutations, however, does not explain the abnormal distal acidification phenotype. Other AE1 mutations have been linked to a recessive syndrome of dRTA and hemolytic anemia in which hypofunction can be discerned by in vitro studies. Several mutations in the carbonic anyhdrase Continue reading >>
Renal Tubular Acidosis And Uraemic Acidosis
Metabolic acidosis can occur in both acute and chronic renal disorders the anion gap may be elevated, due to uraemic acidosis the anion gap may be normal, due to renal tubular acidosis (RTA) Uraemic acidosis results from the loss of functional nephrons decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (e.g. <20 mL/min) accumulation of acidic anions such as phosphate and sulfate occurs causes high anion gap metabolic acidosis (HAGMA) patients manifest as renal failure, often have prolonged survival and develop chronic complications such as bone demineralisation Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) involves defects isolated to the renal tubules only GFR may be normal or only minimally affected primary problem is defective renal acid-base regulation due to impaired ability to acidify the urine and excrete acid results in net acid retention and hyperchloremic normal anion gap metabolic acidosis (NAGMA) may be incomplete and only develop in the presence of an acid load occurs despite a normal or only mildly reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) RTA is often detected incidentally through an abnormal blood workup, but some patients present with clinical features such as poor growth, dehydration, or altered mental state COMPARISON OF TYPES OF RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS (RTA) urine pH remains >5.5 despite severe acidaemia (HCO3 < 15mmol/L) HCO3loading test leads to increased urinary HCO3 may require an acid load test to see whether urinary pH remains > 5.5 hyperchloraemic acidosis, alkaline urine, and renal stone formation secondary hyperaldosteronism results in increased K+ loss in urine NaHCO3 (corrects Na+ deficit, ECF volume and corrects hypokalaemia) sodium and potassium citrate solutions can be useful if hypokalaemia persistent citrate also binds Ca2+ in the urine and can help to prevent Continue reading >>
Renal Tubular Acidosis
Each time our internal organs do something, such as digesting food or healing damaged tissue, chemical reactions take place in the body's cells. These reactions cause acid to go into the bloodstream. Normally, the kidneys remove excess acid from blood, but certain diseases, genetic defects, or drugs can damage a kidney's ability to do this important job. This can allow too much acid to build up in the blood and cause problems. When this happens, it's called renal tubular acidosis (RTA). Without treatment, RTA can affect a child's growth and cause kidney stones , fatigue, muscle weakness, and other symptoms. Over time, untreated acidosis can lead to long-term problems like bone disease, kidney disease , and kidney failure. Fortunately, such complications are rare, since most cases of RTA can be effectively treated with medicines or by treating the condition that's causing the acid to build up. The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs located toward the back of the abdominal cavity, just above the waist. The kidneys remove waste products and extra water from the food a person eats, returning chemicals the body needs (such as sodium, phosphorus, and potassium) back into the bloodstream. The extra water combines with other waste to become urine (pee). The main functional units of the kidneys, where the blood filtering happens, are tiny structures called nephrons. Each kidney has about a million nephrons, and each nephron has a renal tubule, a tube where the acid and waste products filtered from the blood are secreted into urine. Having a disease or defect can interfere with how the renal tubules function, which can lead to RTA. There are a few different kinds of RTA. The first two types are named for the part of the renal tubule in which the damage or defect is found. Continue reading >>
Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis Type 1
0 evaluations from distal renal tubular acidosis type 1 patients report major effectiveness of Venlafaxine for depressed mood (0%) 1 evaluation from a distal renal tubular acidosis type 1 patient reports moderate effectiveness of Venlafaxine for depressed mood (50%) 1 evaluation from a distal renal tubular acidosis type 1 patient reports slight effectiveness of Venlafaxine for depressed mood (50%) 0 evaluations from distal renal tubular acidosis type 1 patients report none effectiveness of Venlafaxine for depressed mood (0%) 0 evaluations from distal renal tubular acidosis type 1 patients report that they could not tell effectiveness of Venlafaxine for depressed mood (0%) 0 evaluations from distal renal tubular acidosis type 1 patients report severe overall side effects for Venlafaxine (0%) 0 evaluations from distal renal tubular acidosis type 1 patients report moderate overall side effects for Venlafaxine (0%) 2 evaluations from distal renal tubular acidosis type 1 patients report mild overall side effects for Venlafaxine (100%) 0 evaluations from distal renal tubular acidosis type 1 patients report no overall side effects for Venlafaxine (0%) 0 evaluations from distal renal tubular acidosis type 1 patients report major effectiveness of Gabapentin for pain (0%) 0 evaluations from distal renal tubular acidosis type 1 patients report moderate effectiveness of Gabapentin for pain (0%) 0 evaluations from distal renal tubular acidosis type 1 patients report slight effectiveness of Gabapentin for pain (0%) 1 evaluation from a distal renal tubular acidosis type 1 patient reports none effectiveness of Gabapentin for pain (100%) 0 evaluations from distal renal tubular acidosis type 1 patients report that they could not tell effectiveness of Gabapentin for pain (0%) 0 evaluatio Continue reading >>
Renal Tubular Acidosis: The Clinical Entity
Renal Tubular Acidosis: The Clinical Entity Department of Pediatrics, Hospital de Cruces, Vizcaya, Spain. Correspondence to Professor J. Rodrguez-Soriano, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital de Cruces, Plaza de Cruces s/n, Baracaldo, 48903 Vizcaya, Spain. Phone: 34-94-6006357; Fax: 34-94-6006044; E-mail: jsoriano{at}hcru.osakidetza.net The term renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is applied to a group of transport defects in the reabsorption of bicarbonate (HCO3), the excretion of hydrogen ion (H+), or both. This condition was first described in 1935 ( 1 ), confirmed as a renal tubular disorder in 1946 ( 2 ), and designated renal tubular acidosis in 1951 ( 3 ). The RTA syndromes are characterized by a relatively normal GFR and a metabolic acidosis accompanied by hyperchloremia and a normal plasma anion gap. In contrast, the term uremic acidosis is applied to patients with low GFR in whom metabolic acidosis is accompanied by normo- or hypochloremia and an increased plasma anion gap. The renal acid-base homeostasis may be broadly divided into two processes: (1) reabsorption of filtered HCO3, which occurs fundamentally in the proximal convoluted tubule; and (2) excretion of fixed acids through the titration of urinary buffers and the excretion of ammonium, which takes place primarily in the distal nephron. The mechanisms for proximal reabsorption of approximately 80 to 90% of filtered HCO3 are displayed in Figure 1 . The foremost processes occurring in this segment are H+ secretion at the luminal membrane via a specific Na+- H+ exchanger (NHE-3) and HCO3 transport at the basolateral membrane via a Na+- HCO3 cotransporter (NBC-1). In the proximal tubules, carbonic acid (H2CO3) is formed within the cell by the hydration of CO2, a reaction catalyzed by a soluble cytoplasmic carbonic Continue reading >>
Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis
Distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) or Type 1 renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is the classical form of RTA, being the first described. Distal RTA is characterized by a failure of acid secretion by the alpha intercalated cells of the cortical collecting duct of the distal nephron . This failure of acid secretion may be due to a number of causes, and it leads to an inability to acidify the urine to a pH of less than 5.3. Radiograph of a rickets sufferer, a complication of both distal and proximal RTA. Because renal excretion is the primary means of eliminating acid from the body, there is consequently a tendency towards acidemia . This leads to the clinical features of dRTA: [1] Urinary stone formation (related to alkaline urine, hypercalciuria , and low urinary citrate). [2] Nephrocalcinosis (deposition of calcium in the substance of the kidney) Bone demineralisation (causing rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults) The symptoms and sequelae of dRTA are variable and range from being completely asymptomatic , to loin pain and hematuria from kidney stones , to failure to thrive and severe rickets in childhood forms as well as possible renal failure and even death. dRTA commonly leads to sodium loss and volume contraction, which causes a compensatory increase in blood levels of aldosterone . [3] Aldosterone causes increased resorption of sodium and loss of potassium in the collecting duct of the kidney, so these increased aldosterone levels cause the hypokalemia which is a common symptom of dRTA. [3] The pH of patient's blood is highly variable, and acidemia is not necessarily characteristic of sufferers of dRTA at any given time. One may have dRTA caused by alpha intercalated cell failure without necessarily being acidemic; termed incomplete dRTA, which is characteri Continue reading >>
Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis
Distal renal tubular acidosis is a disease of defective urinary acidification, which is caused by insufficient net acid excretion by the kidney. Fiona E. Karet, in Genetic Diseases of the Kidney , 2009 Distal renal tubular acidosis is a disease of defective urinary acidification, which is caused by insufficient net acid excretion by the kidney. Unfortunately, the classification of the RTAs can be confusing, because within the overall historical scheme of nomenclature, types 1 and 4 RTA are both caused by distal nephron dysfunction. In this chapter we are mainly concerned with type 1 RTA, which is directly due to dysfunction of the acid-handling -intercalated cells (-IC) in the collecting system, and this distal form is associated with hypokalemia. In contrast, type 4 RTA is associated with hypoaldosteronism (true and pseudo-) and defective distal nephron sodium handling by principal cells in this same nephron segment, and therefore with hyperkalemia, and only secondarily with inadequate acid excretion. Both types 1 and 4 dRTA actually cover large groups of different conditions, both inherited and acquired. Thus it is type 1 RTA that is most commonly referred to as distal RTA (dRTA). Julian L. Seifter, in Goldman's Cecil Medicine (Twenty Fourth Edition) , 2012 In distal renal tubular acidosis (type 1), failure to produce ammonia leads to an inability to excrete net acid, thereby leading to continuous retention of acid in the body. The degree of acidemia is often severe, with pH reaching values as low as 7.2, whereas urine pH usually exceeds 5.3. Kindreds have been described in which mutations in genes for the distal vacuolar H+-ATPase cause an autosomal recessive distal renal tubular acidosis with deafness. Mutations resulting in defective Cl/HCO3 exchange protein (AE1) Continue reading >>
Orphanet: Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis
Only comments seeking to improve the quality and accuracy of information on the Orphanet website are accepted. For all other comments, please send your remarks via contact us . Only comments written in English can be processed. Check this box if you wish to receive a copy of your message Distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) is a disorder of impaired net acid secretion by the distal tubule characterized by hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. The classic form is often associated with hypokalemia whereas other forms of acquired dRTA may be associated with hypokalemia, hyperkalemia or normokalemia. Inheritance: Autosomal dominantorAutosomal recessiveorNot applicable Prevalence of dRTA is unknown but is often underreported. The hereditary forms of dRTA are more prevalent in areas of high consanguinity (Arabic peninsula and North Africa) whereas acquired dRTA has been reported more frequently in Western countries. Disease onset can occur at any age, depending on cause. Hereditary dRTA subtypes include autosomal dominant (AD) and autosomal recessive (AR) dRTA (see these terms). A recessive subtype of dRTA associated with anemia has also been described in Southeast Asia. AR forms are frequently diagnosed in infants and young children. AD dRTA is mostly diagnosed in adolescents and young adults. Patients with dRTA can be asymptomatic or can present with polyuria, polydipsia, weakness and fatigue (symptoms associated with hypokalemia). Failure to thrive, rickets, stunting of growth (seen in children) and osteomalacia or osteopenia (seen in adults) are a result of urinary calcium wastage and a loss of calcium salts from the bones. Hypercalciuria, nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis usually occur. Low plasma potassium levels in those with the classic form of dRTA can also cause ca Continue reading >>
Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis
Renal tubular acidosis - distal; Renal tubular acidosis type I; Type I RTA; RTA - distal; Classical RTA Distal renal tubular acidosis is a disease that occurs when the kidneys do not properly remove acids from the blood into the urine. As a result, too much acid remains in the blood (called acidosis ). The kidneys are responsible for removing wastes from the body, regulating electrolyte balance and blood pressure, and the stimulation of red blood cell production. This is the typical appearance of the blood vessels (vasculature) and urine flow pattern in the kidney. The blood vessels are shown in red and the urine flow pattern in yellow. When the body performs its normal functions, it produces acid. If this acid is not removed or neutralized, the blood becomes too acidic. This can lead to electrolyte imbalances in the blood. It can also cause problems with normal function of some cells. The kidneys help control the body's acid level by removing acid from the blood and excreting it into the urine. Distal renal tubular acidosis (Type I RTA) is caused by a defect in the kidney tubes that causes acid to build up in the blood. Type I RTA is caused by a variety of conditions, including: Amyloidosis , a buildup of abnormal protein, called amyloid, in the tissues and organs Fabry disease, an abnormal buildup in the body of a certain type of fatty substance Sickle cell disease , red blood cells that are normally shaped like a disk take on a sickle or crescent shape Sjgren syndrome , an autoimmune disorder in which the glands that produce tears and saliva are destroyed Systemic lupus erythematosus , an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue Wilson disease , an inherited disorder in which there is too much copper in the body's tissue Continue reading >>
Renal Tubular Acidosis
Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is acidosis and electrolyte disturbances due to impaired renal hydrogen ion excretion (type 1), impaired bicarbonate resorption (type 2), or abnormal aldosterone production or response (type 4). (Type 3 is extremely rare and is not discussed.) Patients may be asymptomatic, display symptoms and signs of electrolyte derangements, or progress to chronic kidney disease. Diagnosis is based on characteristic changes in urine pH and electrolytes in response to provocative testing. Treatment corrects pH and electrolyte imbalances using alkaline agents, electrolytes, and, rarely, drugs. RTA defines a class of disorders in which excretion of hydrogen ions or reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate is impaired, leading to a chronic metabolic acidosis with a normal anion gap. Hyperchloremia is usually present, and secondary derangements may involve other electrolytes, such as potassium (frequently) and calcium (rarelysee Table: Some Features of Different Types of Renal Tubular Acidosis* ). Chronic RTA is often associated with structural damage to renal tubules and may progress to chronic kidney disease . Some Features of Different Types of Renal Tubular Acidosis* Treatment of concomitant abnormalities related to potassium, calcium, and phosphate metabolism Treatment consists of correction of pH and electrolyte balance with alkali therapy. Failure to treat RTA in children slows growth. Alkaline agents such as sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, or sodium citrate help achieve a relatively normal plasma bicarbonate concentration (22 to 24 mEq/L). Potassium citrate can be substituted when persistent hypokalemia is present or, because sodium increases calcium excretion, when calcium calculi are present. Vitamin D (eg, ergocalciferol 800 IU po once/day) Continue reading >>
Omim Entry - # 602722 - Renal Tubular Acidosis, Distal, Autosomal Recessive; Rtadr
A number sign (#) is used with this entry because autosomal recessive distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) with preserved hearing or late-onset sensorineural hearing loss is caused by homozygous mutation in the ATP6N1B gene (ATP6V0A4; 605239 ) on chromosome 7q34. The maintenance of body fluid pH within a narrow range is critical for a wide variety of essential biochemical and metabolic functions. The kidney plays a key role in this homeostasis under normal circumstances, owing to its ability to vary bicarbonate reclamation and net acid excretion over a wide range. In the renal tubular acidoses (RTAs), however, acid-base balance becomes deranged either because of inability to secrete acid in the distal nephron or because of proximal bicarbonate loss ( 267200 ). Primary distal RTA is characterized by the failure of the kidney to produce an appropriately acid urine in the presence of systemic metabolic acidosis or after acid loading, due to failure of hydrogen ion secretion or bicarbonate reabsorption in the distal nephron. This results in hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis of varying severity. The condition is usually accompanied by nephrocalcinosis or nephrolithiasis. Other findings include hypokalemia and normal serum calcium and phosphate levels, although osteomalacia or rickets may supervene in untreated cases. Alkali replacement serves to reverse most of the biochemical abnormalities. Both autosomal dominant ( 179800 ) and autosomal recessive patterns have been observed in kindreds with primary distal RTA, and the spectrum of clinical severity is wide. Some patients with autosomal dominant distal RTA remain asymptomatic until adolescence or adulthood, whereas others, and those with recessive disease, may be severely affected in infancy, with impaired growth and early Continue reading >>
Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis Sequencing Panel - Preventiongenetics
Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis Sequencing Panel We are happy to accommodate requests for single genes or a subset of these genes. The price will remain the list price. If desired, free reflex testing to remaining genes on panel is available. Alternatively, a single gene or subset of genes can also be ordered on our PGxome Custom Panel. For ordering targeted known variants, please proceed to our Targeted Variants landing page. The great majority oftests are completed within 28 days. Detection rate of pathogenic variants in SLC4A1 and CA2 in a large cohort of patients with distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) is unknown in the literature because only a limited number of cases have been reported. In the original study that identified ATP6V1B1 pathogenic variants in autosomal recessive dRTA, Karet et al. studied 31 unrelated kindred (27 had family history of consanguineous marriage) and found ATP6V1B1 pathogenic variants in 19 (61%) cases (Karet et al. 1999). In another study of 26 patients with autosomal recessive dRTA, of which 23 were consanguineous, ATP6V1B1 pathogenic variants were found in 10 (38%) cases (Stover et al. 2002). In the original study that identified ATP6V0A4 pathogenic variants in autosomal recessive dRTA with normal hearing, Karet et al. studied 13 unrelated kindred (12 had family history of consanguineous marriage) and found ATP6V0A4 mutations in 9 (68%) cases (Karet et al. 1999). In another study of 26 patients with autosomal recessive dRTA, of which 23 were consanguineous, ATP6V0A4 pathogenic variants were found in 12 (46%) cases (Stover et al. 2002). Hereditary forms of distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) result from impaired acid excretion at intercalated cells in the collecting tubules and are characterized by hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis wi Continue reading >>
Genetic Causes And Mechanisms Of Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis
Genetic causes and mechanisms of distal renal tubular acidosis Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Correspondence and offprint requests to: Daniel Batlle; E-mail: [email protected] Search for other works by this author on: Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, Volume 27, Issue 10, 1 October 2012, Pages 36913704, Daniel Batlle, Syed K. Haque; Genetic causes and mechanisms of distal renal tubular acidosis, Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, Volume 27, Issue 10, 1 October 2012, Pages 36913704, The primary or hereditary forms of distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) have received increased attention because of advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanism, whereby mutations in the main proteins involved in acidbase transport result in impaired acid excretion. Dysfunction of intercalated cells in the collecting tubules accounts for all the known genetic causes of dRTA. These cells secrete protons into the tubular lumen through H+-ATPases functionally coupled to the basolateral anion exchanger 1 (AE1). The substrate for both transporters is provided by the catalytic activity of the cytosolic carbonic anhydrase II (CA II), an enzyme which is also present in the proximal tubular cells and osteoclasts. Mutations in ATP6V1B1, encoding the B-subtype unit of the apical H(+) ATPase, and ATP6V0A4, encoding the a-subtype unit, lead to the loss of function of the apical H(+) ATPase and are usually responsible for patients with autosomal recessive dRTA often associated with early or late sensorineural deafness. Mutations in the gene encoding the cytosolic CA II are associated with the autosomal recessive syndrome of osteopetrosis, mixed distal and proximal RTA and cerebral calcification. Mutations in Continue reading >>
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