Aldehydes And Ketones
1. Name the following compounds (a) (R)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanal (b) 2-methyl-3-pentanone (c) (2S)-2-ethyl-3-methylpentanal (d) (R)-3-methylcyclopentanone 2. Draw structures for the following compounds. (a) 5-oxohexanal (b) 3-methyl-3-buten-2-one (c) isopropyl methyl ketone (d) trans-4-hydroxycyclohexanecarbaldehyde 3. Identify any nucleophilic and/or electrophilic atoms in the following molecules. (a) E N N E (b) N E (c) 4. Provide structures in the boxes below to complete the following reaction scheme. 5. Give the major organic product(s) for the following reaction. 6. Propose mechanisms for the formation of a hemiacetal using each of the following reagents. (a) See Wade p. 813; The base will deprotonate the alcohol to make it a better nucleophile. (b) See Wade p. 812. The acid will protonante the carbonyl to make it more electrophilic. 7. Draw the structure of the alcohol and carbonyl compounds formed from acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of the following acetal. 8. Provide structures in the empty boxes below to complete the following reaction scheme. 9. The following alkene can be synthesized using the Wittig reaction. Show both possible routes, including formation of the phosphonium ylide. 10. Show reagents and experimental conditions necessary to bring about each of the following conversion. (a) � EMBED ChemDraw.Document.4.5 ��� � EMBED ChemDraw.Document.4.5 ��� � EMBED ChemDraw.Document.4.5 ��� � EMBED ChemDraw.Document.4.5 ��� � EMBED ChemDraw.Document.4.5 ��� � EMBED ChemDraw.Document.4.5 ��� � EMBED ChemDraw.Document.4.5 ��� � EMBED ChemDraw.Document.4.5 ��� � EMBED ChemDraw.Document.4.5 ��ï� Continue reading >>
Aldehydes And Ketones Questions
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Naming Of Aldehydes And Ketones Answer Key - Department Of...
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Notes Aldehydes And Ketones
Remember that the ‘R’ symbolizes any carbon side-chain, from one to a million carbons. Basically, what it comes down to is that in an aldehyde the carbonyl group is on the terminal (last) carbon and the ketones carbonyl group is not. These compounds are found at the most fundamental levels of biological existence. Glucose is the single most important molecule in providing energy at a cellular level. Without glucose you would die in seconds. Glucose, the most important carbohydrate, not only has a carbonyl group but is an aldehyde. Another common carbohydrate is fructose, fruit sugar, this compound is a ketone. These compounds are more reactive than your typical alkane, the question you may ask is why? The answer lies in the location of the electrons in the carbonyl group. First, look at the hybridization of a carbonyl carbon. A carbon connected to three other molecules must be doubly bonded to one of those molecules. For a double bond to form p-orbitals must overlap over a sigma bond. The hybridization loses one p-orbital, leaving the carbon as sp2, allowing the formation of the other bond with the free p-orbital, forming a pi-bond. Back to our question, why are the aldehyde and a ketone more reactive than an alkane. When the pi-bond forms the electrons in this molecular orbital are more exposed, making them more vulnerable to reacting. Try to visualize the electrons sticking out on each side of the bond, leaving them accessible to other compounds. Nomenclature: Aldehydes – IUPAC Names 1. Count the number of carbons in the longest chain containing the aldehyde group 2. The carbonyl carbon will always be carbon number one 3. Drop the –e suffix and add –al Examples: Aldehydes – Common Names 1. Count the number of carbons 2. Use the Continue reading >>
14.9: Aldehydes And Ketones: Structure And Names
Identify the general structure for an aldehyde and a ketone. Use common names to name aldehydes and ketones. Use the IUPAC system to name aldehydes and ketones. The next functional group we consider, the carbonyl group, has a carbon-to-oxygen double bond. Carbonyl groups define two related families of organic compounds: the aldehydes and the ketones. The carbonyl group is ubiquitous in biological compounds. It is found in carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids, hormones, and vitamins—organic compounds critical to living systems. In a ketone, two carbon groups are attached to the carbonyl carbon atom. The following general formulas, in which R represents an alkyl group and Ar stands for an aryl group, represent ketones. In an aldehyde, at least one of the attached groups must be a hydrogen atom. The following compounds are aldehydes: In condensed formulas, we use CHO to identify an aldehyde rather than COH, which might be confused with an alcohol. This follows the general rule that in condensed structural formulas H comes after the atom it is attached to (usually C, N, or O). The carbon-to-oxygen double bond is not shown but understood to be present. Because they contain the same functional group, aldehydes and ketones share many common properties, but they still differ enough to warrant their classification into two families. Here are some simple IUPAC rules for naming aldehydes and ketones: The stem names of aldehydes and ketones are derived from those of the parent alkanes, defined by the longest continuous chain (LCC) of carbon atoms that contains the functional group. For an aldehyde, drop the -e from the alkane name and add the ending -al. Methanal is the IUPAC name for formaldehyde, and ethanal is the name for acetaldehyde. For a ketone, drop the -e from t Continue reading >>
Ll.l Aldehydes Ond Ketones
Focus l3.l Aldehydes and Ketones 595 AIM: To describe the corbon-oxygen bond of the corbonyl group of oldehydes ond ketones. The functional group known as the carbonyl group ( )C-O)-a carbon ato m and an oxy gen atonx j o ined by a double b o nd-is fciund in comp ounds called aldehydes arrd ketones. Structures of aldehydes and ketones Aldehydes are organic compounds in which the carbonyl carbon-the car- bon to which the oxygen k bonded-is always joined to at least one hydro- gen.The general formula for an aldehyde is Carbonr.l. ox'gen \ t O - ^ - L ^ - . | - - ^ . . - 1a---zCatbonvl grouP R-C-H I Carbonyl / carbon This structural formula is often abbreviated to RCHO. Ketones are organic compounds in which the carbonyl carbon is joined to two other carbons: Carbonrtl. orygen \ O - ^ * L ^ . ^ , , r ^ - ^ , . ^ !1 <-_-- CarA on1'l group R-C-R ,( Carbonyl/ carbon The abbreviated form for a ketone is RCOR. Note the similarity in structure of aldehydes and ketones. Because they both contain the carbonyl group, the chemistry of aldehydes and ketones is similar. Both aldehydes and ketones are highly reactive, but aldehydes are generally the more reactive of the two classes. Namtng aldehydes and ketones The IUPAC system may be used for naming aldehydes. We must first identify the longest hydrocarbon chain that contains the carbonyl car- bon. The -e ending of the hydrocarbon is replace dby -al to designate an aldehyde. Using the IUPAC system, we name the aldehydes methanal, ethanal, propanal, butanal, and so forth. In naming substituted aldehy- des, the longest chain is counted starting from the carbon of the alde- hyde group. The general structures of aldehydes and ketones are similar. ,94 CHAPTER 13 Aldehydes and Ketones I X A M P L E I 5 . I Naming a substituted aldehyde by t Continue reading >>
'type In Answer' Quiz: Nomenclature Questions On Aldehydes And Ketones
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Aldehyde / Ketone Nomenclature Worksheet
1. Write structural formulas of four alcohols, four ethers, two aldehydes and one ketone with chemical formula C4H8O 2. Write the names of the compounds in Question 1. 3. Can any of these structures in Question 1 exist as cis/trans isomers? If yes, draw both cis /trans structures. 4. Write the structures from the following names: 4-methyl cyclohexanone trans-3-methyl-2-pentenal cis-2,3-dimethylcyclohexanone 1,3-dihydroxypropanone Continue reading >>
Exercise 16-1 Organic Chemistry
1-t-butyl-2-methylpropane 2,2,4-trimethylpentane 2,2,4-methylpentane 2,4,4-trimethylpentane None of the previous answers. 3-n-propylpentane 1,1-diethylbutane isooctane None of the previous answers. 3 What is the relationship between the compounds in #1 and #2. Since they have the same formula, they are the same. geometric isomers. conformers constitutional or structural isomers. None of the previous answers. 4-isopropyl-2-methylheptane 6-methyl-4-isopropylheptane 2,5-dimethyl-4-n-propylhexane structural isomers geometric isomers enantiomers structural isomers geometric isomers structural isomers Continue reading >>
Class 12 Important Questions For Chemistry – Aldehydes, Ketones And Carboxylic Acids
Manipal University Apply Now for MU OET SRM University Apply Now for SRMJEEE JEE Main 2018 Exam Date, Eligibility, Exam Pattern. Get All Details Here Class 12 Important Questions for Chemistry – Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids NCERT Exemplar Class 12 Chemistry is very important resource for students preparing for XII Board Examination. Here we have provided NCERT Exemplar Problems Solutions along with NCERT Exemplar Problems Class 12. Question from very important topics are covered by NCERT Exemplar Class 12. You also get idea about the type of questions and method to answer in your class 12th examination. Here you can get Class 12 Important Questions Chemistry based on NCERT Text book for Class XII. Chemistry Class 12 Important Questions are very helpful to score high marks in board exams. Here we have covered Important Questions on Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids for Class 12 Chemistry subject. Chemistry Important Questions Class 12 are given below. Multiple Choice Questions (Type-I) Addition of water to alkynes occurs in acidic medium and in the presence of Hg2+ ions as a catalyst. Which of the following products will be formed on addition of water to but-1-yne under these conditions. Which of the following compounds is most reactive towards nucleophilic addition reactions? The correct order of increasing acidic strength is _____________. (i) Phenol < Ethanol < Chloroacetic acid < Acetic acid (ii) Ethanol < Phenol < Chloroacetic acid < Acetic acid (iii) Ethanol < Phenol < Acetic acid < Chloroacetic acid (iv) Chloroacetic acid < Acetic acid < Phenol < Ethanol (i) Phenol and benzoic acid in the presence of NaOH (ii) Phenol and benzoyl chloride in the presence of pyridine (iii) Phenol and benzoyl chloride in the presence of ZnCl2 (iv) Phenol and benzal Continue reading >>
As Chemistry Nomenclature - Naming Aldehydes And Ketones Worksheets
AS Chemistry worksheet for practicing naming aldehydes and ketones. This contains a variety of straight-chain and branched-chain aldehydes and ketones along with other substituents students will have met in previous topics. Hints given on worksheet as to how to attempt naming where appropriate. Answers included. Read more Continue reading >>
Organic Chemistry Worksheet €“ Organic Functional Group Nomenclature
NAMING AND DRAWING FUNCTIONAL GROUPS PRACTICE WORKSHEET 1. Draw the following alcohols a) heptan-2-ol b) 3-methylhexan-1-ol c) cyclopropanol d) 2,4,6-trichlorooctan-2-ol e) pentan-1,4-diol f) benzene-1,3-diol g) but-2-ene-1-ol h) 4-methylpent-2-yne-1-ol i) 3,4-dimethylcycloheptan-1-ol 2. Name the following alcohols a) Continue reading >>
