Vitamin D And Insulin Action And Secretion An Overview Of Current Understanding And Future Perspectives
Vitamin D is obtained from sun exposure, diet (oily fish or fortified dairy products) and dietary supplements. Serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] is a valid marker of vitamin D status.1 Very low levels of 25(OH)D (e.g. Vitamin D is obtained from sun exposure, diet (oily fish or fortified dairy products) and dietary supplements. Serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] is a valid marker of vitamin D status.1 Very low levels of 25(OH)D (e.g. <2025nmol/l) have long been recognised as the cause of rickets in childhood and in adults can give rise to skeletal and muscular abnormalities.2 Research in recent years has indicated that vitamin D concentrations not low enough to result in skeletal abnormalities are nevertheless associated with a number of pathological conditions.3 It has therefore been suggested that serum 25(OH)D concentration should preferably be above 75nmol/l.2,4 With this background, hypovitaminosis D may be considered a major health problem, with more than one billion people worldwide having either vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency.2 During recent years, a considerable body of evidence has emerged suggesting that vitamin D may also have an impact on the development of type 2 diabetes (see Figure 1).57 Data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) revealed that vitamin D deficiency was associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes.6 Conversely, in the Nurses Health Study, Pittas et al. reported a 33% decreased risk of type 2 diabetes in women with high vitamin D intake compared to women with low intake.8 Resistance to the metabolic actions of insulin in the liver and muscle, and insulin secretory dysfunction in the -cells of the pancreas are the main pathophysiological disturbances t Continue reading >>
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The Effects Of Oral Vitamin D On Insulin Resistance In Pre-diabetic Patients
The effects of oral vitamin D on insulin resistance in pre-diabetic patients Seyed A. Hoseini , Ashraf Aminorroaya , Bijan Iraj , and Massoud Amini Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Isfahan Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Address for correspondence: Prof. Massoud Amini, Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Isfahan Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Sedigheh Tahereh Research, Complex, Khorram Street, Isfahan, Iran. E-mail: ri.ca.ium@inima_m Received 2012 Oct 18; Revised 2012 Nov 18; Accepted 2012 Dec 18. Copyright : Journal of Research in Medical Sciences This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Some epidemiological and interventional studies have shown the role of vitamin D on insulin secretion and resistance. A previous study in our center showed that intramuscular vitamin D decreases insulin sensitivity in pre-diabetic patients. We investigated the role of oral vitamin D on the insulin sensitivity index and insulin resistance in pre-diabetic patients. In a randomized clinical trial, we divided 45 people with pre-diabetes aged 47.4 6.6 (range 33-61) years into three groups: group A subjects treated with 50,000 IU oral vitamin D and 500 mg calcium carbonate (n = 21), group B subjects treated with a single 300,000 IU intramuscular vitamin D and 500 mg calcium carbonate (n = 9), and group C subjects treated with 500 mg calcium carbonate alone (n = 15). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH) D] was measured at Continue reading >>
What To Know About Vitamin D And Type 2 Diabetes Risk
While experts in diabetes care validate a genuine link between diabetes and vitamin D, there is no clear consensus on the effectiveness of supplements. Getty Images A recent study published by the European Journal of Endocrinology set out to determine whether consistent vitamin D3 supplementation could improve insulin sensitivity in patients either newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes or at high risk of developing the disease. Consisting of 96 randomized patients, the double-blind, placebo-controlled trial included giving patients 5,000 international units (IUs) daily for 6 months. In individuals at high risk of diabetes or with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes, vitamin D supplementation for 6 months significantly increased peripheral insulin sensitivity and -cell function, suggesting that it may slow metabolic deterioration in this population, explained the recent report. has failed to find a benefit from vitamin D supplementation on insulin sensitivity. on vitamin Ds effect on insulin sensitivity and secretion included dosages of 4,000 IUs for nearly three years. The results were unimpressive with only a 2 percent difference between the group that did develop type 2 diabetes and the group that did not. Was the success of this recent study the result of looser standards, or was the dosage of 5,000 IUs per day finally high enough to have a noticeable impact? Researchers suggest past studies may have failed to prove the benefits of vitamin D supplementation due to variables including ethnicity, glucose tolerance, and vitamin D dosage and duration during the study. Experts in diabetes care validate a genuine link between diabetes and vitamin D. Low levels of vitamin D is a prevalent issue in people with and without diabetes across the globe. Research has repeatedly found Continue reading >>
Is There A Relationship Between Vitamin D With Insulin Resistance And Diabetes Mellitus?
Is there a relationship between vitamin D with insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus? Kamal AS Al-Shoumer, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, 13110 Safat, Kuwait Kamal AS Al-Shoumer, Thamer M Al-Essa, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mubarak Al Kabeer Hospital, 46304 Jabriya, Kuwait Author contributions: Both authors contributed to this work. Correspondence to: Kamal AS Al-Shoumer, MD, FRCP, PhD, FACE, Professor and Consultant, Head, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, 13110 Safat, Kuwait. moc.liamg@remuohsk Telephone: +965-25-319596 Fax: +965-25-313511 Received 2014 Dec 7; Revised 2015 Apr 17; Accepted 2015 May 5. Copyright The Author(s) 2015. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Available data suggest a possible link between abnormal vitamin D level and abnormal glucose homeostasis, two of the most common chronic medical conditions. Both conditions are associated with inflammation, and the exact mechanism for role of either on the other is not well clear. Literature investigating the link between vitamin D and either pre-diabetic states or diabetes is reviewed. Vitamin D deficiency is detrimental to insulin synthesis and secretion in animal and human studies. In humans, it has been shown by majority of observational studies, that vitamin D is positively correlated with insulin sensitivity and its role is mediated both by direct mechanism through the availability of vitamin D receptors in several tissues and indirectly through the changes in calcium levels. Large number of, Continue reading >>
Associations Of Vitamin D With Insulin Resistance, Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, And Metabolic Syndrome - Sciencedirect
Hypovitaminosis D: is inversely correlates with obesity and stroke. Associate with increased CVD, myocardial infarction, diabetes, and mortality. Associate with metabolic syndrome (hypertension, low HDL, and insulin resistance). Sunscreen with greater than 12 sun protection factor (SPF), prevents generation of vitamin D. Increased safe exposure to sun and consuming vitamin D-fortified foods are encouraged. Supplements are necessary however, for those who cannot obtain adequate amounts. The aim of this study is to determine the relationships of vitamin D with diabetes, insulin resistance obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Intra cellular vitamin D receptors and the 1- hydroxylase enzyme are distributed ubiquitously in all tissues suggesting a multitude of functions of vitamin D. It plays an indirect but an important role in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism as reflected by its association with type 2 diabetes (T2D), metabolic syndrome, insulin secretion, insulin resistance, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and obesity. Peer-reviewed papers, related to the topic were extracted using key words, from PubMed, Medline, and other research databases. Correlations of vitamin D with diabetes, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome were examined for this evidence-based review. In addition to the well-studied musculoskeletal effects, vitamin D decreases the insulin resistance, severity of T2D, prediabetes, metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and autoimmunity. Vitamin D exerts autocrine and paracrine effects such as direct intra-cellular effects via its receptors and the local production of 1,25(OH)2D3, especially in muscle and pancreatic -cells. It also regulates calcium homeostasis and calcium flux through cell membranes, and activation of a cascade of key enzymes and cofactors associa Continue reading >>
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Vitamin D, Insulin Resistance, And Cardiovascular Disease
You have reached the maximum number of saved studies (100). Please remove one or more studies before adding more. Vitamin D, Insulin Resistance, and Cardiovascular Disease The safety and scientific validity of this study is the responsibility of the study sponsor and investigators. Listing a study does not mean it has been evaluated by the U.S. Federal Government. Read our disclaimer for details. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Information provided by (Responsible Party): Top of Page Study Description Study Design Arms and Interventions Outcome Measures Eligibility Criteria Contacts and Locations More Information In recent years, vitamin D has been shown not only to be important for bone and calcium metabolism but also for homeostasis of critical tissues involved in vascular disease in patients with diabetes. Epidemiological studies indicated the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Type 2 DM patients and suggest an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and hypertension with low vitamin D levels. The objective of this proposal is to evaluate the effects of vitamin D replacement on blood pressure control and vascular disease in vitamin D deficient hypertensive patients with diabetes Continue reading >>
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Small Study: Vitamin D Repletion May Decrease Insulin Resistance
Small study: Vitamin D repletion may decrease insulin resistance WASHINGTON Normalizing vitamin D levels correlated with lower insulin resistance and decreased adipose fibrosis in obese patients, according to a study presented at the Eastern regional meeting of the American Federation for Medical Research. Approximately 86 million U.S. patients have prediabetes, according to Diabetes Report Card 2014, the most recent estimates from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vitamin D therapy may be able to help lower that number and prevent diabetes in some patients, Jee Young You, MD, a research fellow at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, said at the meeting. When theres increased adiposity, there is reduction of the blood flow which will further lead to inflammation, macrophage infiltration, and fibrosis, which all together leads to insulin resistance, Dr. You said. It is shown that there are vitamin D receptors present on adipocytes, so we hypothesize repleting vitamin D will help in reducing this inflammation. In a double blind study, Dr. You and her colleagues randomized 11 obese patients, with an average body mass index of 34 kg/m2, insulin resistance, and vitamin D deficiency to vitamin D repletion therapy. Eight similar patients served as controls. The average age was 43 years. Patients in the test group were placed on a step schedule for vitamin D supplementation. For 3 months, they received 40,000 IU of vitamin D3 weekly in an effort to reach a target 25-hydroxyvitamin D level of greater than 30 ng/ml. Patients then received another 3 months of the same supplementation with an aim to reach a target level of greater than 50 ng/ml. We wanted to see if there was a dose dependent effect for vitamin D in patients, Dr. You said. Endogenous glucose Continue reading >>
Does Vitamin D Deficiency Lead To Insulin Resistance In Obese Individuals?
Research Article - Biomedical Research (2017) Volume 28, Issue 17 Does vitamin D deficiency lead to insulin resistance in obese individuals? Zeynep Hlya Durmaz 1 * , Aslhan Dilara Demir 2 , Tuba Ozkan 3 , etin Kln 4 , Rdvan Gkan 4 and Meral Tiryaki 5 1 Department of Biochemistry, Amasya University Research Hospital, Amasya, Turkey 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Amasya University Research Hospital, Amasya, Turkey 3 Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Amasya University Research Hospital, Amasya, Turkey 4 Department of Microbiology, Amasya University Research Hospital, Amasya, Turkey 5 Department of Pathology, Dkap Yldrm Beyazt Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey Visit for more related articles at Biomedical Research Aim: Obesity has become an important health problem in developed and developing countries. Nowadays, vitamin D deficiency is very common in obese individuals. Vitamin D deficiency and obesity are associated with cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and other diseases. In our study, we aimed to investigate the effect of vitamin D deficiency on insulin resistance in obese subjects. Materials and Methods: A total of 170 individuals, (146 females and 24 males) were included in the study. According to Body Mass Index (BMI), patients were divided into 3 groups. Serum vitamin D was compared with insulin resistance and HbA1c. Results: It was shown that serum vitamin D levels were statistically decreased according to BMI. There was also a statistically significant increase in Hba1c level due to increased BMI. There is also a positive correlation between BMI and insulin resistance. Positive correlation was found between HbA1C and insulin resistance. There was no statistically significant difference between the levels of insuli Continue reading >>
Role Of Vitamin D In Insulin Resistance In Obese Individuals
Role of vitamin D in insulin resistance in obese individuals Dilinado Nascimento Marreiro Email author Vitamin D is a fat-soluble compound responsible for promoting intestinal absorption of calcium, and this, in turn, acts as a signal transmitter or activator as protein in secretory processes and release of hormones. Vitamin D receptors are distributed in various tissues of the body and involved in biochemical reactions in the pathogenesis of several diseases, such as obesity. The aim of this article is to provide updated information on the role of vitamin D in insulin resistance in obese individuals. It was conducted a search of articles published in PubMED, SciELO, and LILACSdatabase, without limit for the year of publication, using the keywords vitamin D, insulin resistance, and obesity. Excess adipose tissue seems to impair insulin signaling by inhibiting the phosphorylation of its receptor, resulting in insulin resistance. Studies have evidenced role of vitamin D in mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in obesity by acting in improving glycemic control both by increasing hepatic and peripheral glucose uptake and by promoting the secretion of this hormone. Vitamin D exerts a protective effect in the treatment and prevention of insulin resistance in patients with obesity and protects the body against oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, contributing to glycemic control. Unfortunately, current data related to the effects of vitamin D supplementation on insulin resistance are still inconclusive. Homeostatic model assessmentInsulin resistance Phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 Phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 2 Obesity is characterized by excessive accumulation of body fat, resulting in an imbalance between consu Continue reading >>
(pdf) Role Of Vitamin D In Insulin Resistance
Role of Vitamin D in Insulin Resistance.pdf Chih-Chien Sung,1Min-Tser Liao,2Kuo-Cheng Lu,3and Chia-Chao Wu1 1Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan 2Department of Pediatrics, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan 325, Taiwan 3Department of Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan Correspondence should be addressed to Chia-Chao Wu, [email protected] Received 15 June 2012; Revised 17 August 2012; Accepted 27 August 2012 Copyright 2012 Chih-Chien Sung et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly Vitamin D is characterized as a regulator of homeostasis of bone and mineral metabolism, but it can also provide nonskeletal actions because vitamin D receptors have been found in various tissues including the brain, prostate, breast, colon, pancreas, and immune cells. Bone metabolism, modulation of the immune response, and regulation of cell proliferation and dierentiation are all biological functions of vitamin D. Vitamin D may play an important role in modifying the risk of cardiometabolic outcomes, including diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. The incidence of type 2 DM is increasing worldwide and results from a lack of insulin or inadequate insulin secretion following increases in insulin resistance. Therefore, it has been proposed that vitamin D deciency plays an important role in insulin resistance resulting in diabetes. The potential role of vitamin D deciency in insulin resistance has been proposed to be as Continue reading >>
Effects Of 6-month Vitamin D Supplementation On Insulin Sensitivity And Secretion: A Randomised, Placebo-controlled Trial
To determine whether vitamin D3 supplementation improves insulin sensitivity, using the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. This single-centre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial randomised 96 participants at high risk of diabetes or with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes to vitamin D3 5000 IU daily or placebo for 6 months. We assessed at baseline and 6 months: (1) primary aim: peripheral insulin sensitivity (M-value using a 2-h hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp); (2) secondary aims: other insulin sensitivity (HOMA2%S, Matsuda) and insulin secretion (insulinogenic index, C-peptide area under the curve, HOMA2-B) indices using a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT); -cell function (disposition index: M-value insulinogenic index); fasting and 2-h glucose post OGTT; HbA1c; anthropometry. Baseline characteristics were similar between groups (% or mean s.d.): women 38.5%; age 58.7 9.4 years; BMI 32.2 4.1 kg/m2; prediabetes 35.8%; diabetes 20.0%; 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) 51.1 14.2 nmol/L. At 6 months, mean 25(OH)D reached 127.6 26.3 nmol/L and 51.8 16.5 nmol/L in the treatment and placebo groups, respectively (P < 0.001). A beneficial effect of vitamin D3 compared with placebo was observed on M-value (mean change (95% CI): 0.92 (0.241.59) vs 0.03 (0.73 to 0.67); P = 0.009) and disposition index (mean change (95% CI): 267.0 (343.4 to 877.4) vs 55.5 (696.3 to 585.3); P = 0.039) after 6 months. No effect was seen on other outcomes. In individuals at high risk of diabetes or with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes, vitamin D supplementation for 6 months significantly increased peripheral insulin sensitivity and -cell function, suggesting that it may slow metabolic deterioration in this population. Continue reading >>
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(pdf) Role Of Vitamin D In The Development Of Insulin Resistance And Type 2 Diabetes
All content in this area was uploaded by Hanne (A.J.) Van Ballegooijen ISSUES IN THE NUTRITIONAL TREATMENT OF TYPE 2 DIABETES AND OBESITY (E MAYER-DAVIS, SECTION EDITOR) Role of Vitamin D in the Development of Insulin Resistance Stefan Pilz &Katharina Kienreich &Femke Rutters & Renate de Jongh &Adriana J. van Ballegooijen & #Springer Science+Business Media New York 2012 Abstract Vitamin D deficiency is mainly a consequence of insufficient sunlight induced vitamin D production in the skin and has been associated with various chronic diseases includ- ing type 2 diabetes. Experimental data have shown that vitamin D is important for glucose induced insulin secretion, improves insulin resistance, and exerts anti-inflammatory actions. Epi- demiological studies have largely documented that a poor vitamin D status is associated with higher risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The majority of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in healthy or prediabetic individuals have, however, failed to demonstrate relevant vitamin D effects on insulin resistance or diabetes incidence. In patients with type 2 diabetes, a few RCTs reported some moderate effects of vitamin D on glycemic control and insulin resistance. While these findings warrant further in-depth studies, the current evidence is insufficient to recommend vitamin D supplemen- tation for the prevention or treatment of type 2 diabetes. Keywords Vitamin D .Cholecalciferol .Insulin resistance . Vitamin D plays a crucial role in bone and mineral metabolism and has been increasingly linked to extra-skeletal diseases, including diabetes mellitus and its complications [16]. Iden- tification of vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression in almost all human cells and the fact that VDR activation regulates hundreds of genes is regarde Continue reading >>
Low Levels Of Vitamin D And Minerals Increase Insulin Resistance
Low Levels of Vitamin D and Minerals Increase Insulin Resistance A study published in the Journal of Clinical Diagnostic Research compared the levels of vitamin D3, calcium, and magnesium in diabetic and nondiabetic patients. Researchers examined 30 diabetic patients and 30 matched controls. Glucose, insulin, and vitamin D3 levels were measured using fasting blood samples.1 Compared to vitamin D3 levels (19.55 ng/mL) found in healthy controls, levels (12.29 mg/mL) in the diabetic group were lower.In patients with diabetes, calcium and magnesium levels were low whereas fasting glucose and insulin levels and insulin resistance are high. Higher insulin levels are expected in individuals with insulin resistance. When cells are insulin resistant, theybecome ineffective in transportingglucosemoleculesinto cells. Because of this, theres more glucose circulating in the blood. In the presence of elevated blood glucose, the beta cells of the pancreas work harder to release more insulin. Eventually, the pancreas becomes exhausted and is no longer able to pump out insulin. Together, elevated blood glucose levels and ineffective pancreatic beta cells lead to type 2 diabetes. Circulating blood glucose levels are associated with many other chronic medical conditions like dementia, heart disease, obesity, and cancer. Nutrients are required for various functions in cells. Calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D3 all play important roles in disease prevention and health. When it comes to type 2 diabetes, vitamin D, calcium, and magnesium have been associated with supporting glycemic control. The following table highlights the effects of these nutrients and their food sources: Supports pancreatic beta cell activityBeta cells possess vitamin D receptors2Animal studies show that missing vitamin Continue reading >>
The Effect Of Vitamin D Supplementation On Insulin And Glucose Metabolism In Overweight And Obese Individuals: Systematic Review With Meta-analysis
The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effect of vitamin D supplementation on glucose and insulin metabolism in overweight and obese subjects. The search process was based on the selection of publications listed in the databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, Embase and the Cochrane library that met the inclusion criteria. Twelve randomized controlled trials were included. The analysed population consisted of 1181 individuals with BMIs >23 kg/m2. Changes in the concentration of 25(OH)D, fasting glucose, insulin and the HOMA-IR index were assessed. In the meta-regression analysis, a restricted maximum likelihood method was applied. To combine individual study results, a meta-analysis was performed. Vitamin D supplementation did not have an effect on glucose concentrations, insulin level and HOMA-IR values when the supplemented dose, time of supplementation and baseline of 25(OH)D concentration were taken under consideration in subgroup-analysis. This meta-analysis provides evidence that vitamin D supplementation has no significant effect on glucose and insulin metabolism in overweight and obese individuals. According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), in 2013, 8.3% of adults in the world suffered from diabetes1. Around 80–90% of people with type 2 diabetes are obese or overweight (Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2)2,3. It is well-known that obesity is related to insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia4,5,6. Therefore, obesity has been recognized as one of the most important single risk factors in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Currently, the role of vitamin D in the regulation of insulin secretion is highly investigated7,8. New findings suggest that supplementation with vitamin D could influence insulin secretion and improve Continue reading >>
The Effect Of Vitamin D On Insulin Resistance In Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Abstract Over the past decade, numerous non-skeletal diseases have been reported to be associated with vitamin D deficiency including type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Different studies provide evidence that vitamin D may play a functional role in glucose tolerance through its effects on insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity. This study evaluates the effects of vitamin D supplementation on insulin resistance in T2DM. Through a before-after study, 100 patients with T2DM, 30–70 years old, were recruited from an Arak diabetes clinic as consecutive attenders. Participants were assessed for clinical and biochemistry. Serum insulin and, 25(OH)D concentration, and HOMA-IR was calculated. All measurements were performed at the beginning and the end of the study. Patients received 50,000 unit of vitamin D 3 orally per week for eight weeks, Statistical analysis was made using SPSS17. The results were analyzed by descriptive tests, and a comparison between variables were made using paired T-tests or Wilcoxon tests, as appropriate. 100 participants including 70 women (70%) and 30 men (30%) took part in the study. All results were presented as Mean±SD, or medians of non-normally distributed. 24% of the participants were Vitamin D deficient {serum 25(OH)D ≤ 20 ng/ml(50 nmol/l)}. Mean serum 25 (OH) D concentration was 43.03± 19.28 ng/ml (107.5±48.2 nmol/l). The results at baseline and at the end, for FPG were 138.48±36.74 and 131.02±39 mg/dl (P=0.05), for insulin, 10.76±9.46 and 8.6±8.25 μIu/ml (P=0.028) and for HOMA-IR, 3.57±3.18 and 2.89±3.28 (P=0.008) respectively. Our data showed significant improvements in serum FPG, insulin and in HOMA-IR after treatment with vitamin D, suggested that vitamin D supplementation could reduce insulin resistance in T2DM. Introduction Continue reading >>
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