Type 1 Diabetes | Children's Hospital Of Philadelphia
Type 1 diabetes is a chronic (meaning it never goes away), autoimmune disease that causes the pancreas to produce little or no insulin. Insulin is a hormone that converts sugars into nutrients and helps move those nutrients into our cells to produce energy. Without insulin, sugar builds up in the bloodstream, causing hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar. People with type 1 diabetes must take insulin daily. If left untreated, the excess sugar in the blood can cause severe damage to the body and may even be fatal. Complications that may result from type 1 diabetes include: If your child is diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, its important to understand that there is nothing you could have done to prevent it. The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is not known. There may be a genetic link, as autoimmune conditions can sometimes be seen in families. Still, there is currently nothing that can be done to prevent the autoimmune process that attacks the insulin-producing beta cells or to prevent the onset of this form of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes often appears suddenly during childhood or infancy. Each child may experience symptoms differently, but the most common symptoms are: Increased urination (babies may need very frequent diaper changes and toilet-trained children may start wetting themselves and/or wetting the bed more often) Increased appetite, but weight loss instead of gain Type 1 diabetes is most often diagnosed in childhood and adolescence, but it can be diagnosed at any age. If you or your doctor suspect type 1 diabetes, your childs doctor will order laboratory tests, including blood and urine tests, to diagnose diabetes. Laboratory tests can show the positive diabetes antibodies that are present with type 1 diabetes. Your pediatrician should also test your childs blood sug Continue reading >>
Type 1 Diabetes Symptoms & Causes
Because our research informs our treatment, our diabetes team is known for our innovative treatments and science-driven approach. Childrens Hospital Boston is home to the worlds most extensive pediatric hospital research enterprise, and we partner with elite health care and biotech organizations around the globe. But as specialists in family-centered care, our physicians never forget that your child is precious, and not just a patient. In dealing with your childs diabetes, you probably want to know the basics about what diabetes is, and how type 1 diabetes differs from other forms of the disease. Diabetes (diabetes mellitus) is a lifelong condition that occurs when the body doesnt make enough insulin, or when the body doesnt respond properly to the insulin it makes. There are many forms of diabetes mellitus, several of which have undergone name changes as the disease has become better understood. type 1 diabetes:Formerly known as juvenile or insulin-dependent diabetes,type 1 diabetes is caused by the immune systems failure to recognize the beta cells as belonging to the body, so it attacks and destroys them. This is why type 1 diabetes is considered an autoimmune disease. Children with type 1 diabetes must take insulin injections every day. type 2 diabetes:Formerly known as adult onset or non-insulin dependent diabetes, type 2 diabetes typically occurs in people who are overweight, physically inactive and over age 40, although more and more children are developing type 2 diabetes, possibly because of childhood obesity . Some children need insulin; others can control their diabetes with healthful eating and exercise, or oral medicines (hypoglycemic agents). MODY (maturity onset diabetes of youth):a form of diabetes that has been diagnosed before the age of 35 years in a Continue reading >>
Symptoms Of Type 1 Diabetes In Children: Signs Of Diabetes In Children
Warning Signs in Toddlers Warning Signs in Teenagers What to look for: Symptoms of type 1 diabetes in children One of the early signs of diabetes in children is increased urination and thirst. When blood-sugar is high it triggers a reaction in the body that pulls fluid from tissues. This will leave your son or daughter constantly thirsty, resulting in a need for more bathroom breaks throughout the day. Below are some other warning signs that you should be aware of. Fatigue: If your child is constantly tired it may be a sign that his or her body is having trouble turning sugar in the bloodstream into energy. High blood sugar levels can lead to blurred vision or other eyesight problems. If your kids breath smells fruity, it could be a result of excess sugar in the blood. Extreme hunger and unexplained weight loss When your son or daughters muscles and organs arent receiving enough energy, it can trigger extreme hunger. And sudden weight lossespecially if he or she is eating moreshould not be ignored. If your child seems more moody or restless than normaland its in conjunction with the symptoms aboveit could be cause for concern. Be on the lookout if your child is lethargic, shows heavy breathing, or experiences nausea and vomiting. When it goes untreated, type 1 diabetes can be life-threatening. If youre concerned that your son or daughter is showing signs of childhood diabetes its important that you schedule a doctors appointment as soon as possible. Continue reading >>
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
*Pediatric Endocrinology Clinical Fellow, Ian Burr Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN. †Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Assistant Professor of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Ian Burr Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN. ‡Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Ian Burr Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN. Drs Gregory and Moore have disclosed no financial relationships relevant to this article. Dr Simmons has disclosed she has a research grant from Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. This commentary does not contain discussion of unapproved/investigative use of a commercial product/device. Abbreviations ADA: American Diabetes Association DKA: diabetic ketoacidosis HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin I:C ratio: insulin-to-carbohydrate ratio IV: intravenous TDD: total daily dose T1DM: type 1 diabetes mellitus T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus Practice Gaps All children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) should have their blood sugar managed with basal-bolus insulin treatment by either multiple daily injections or an insulin pump. All children with T1DM should have access to a pediatric endocrinologist with a diabetes management team with resources to support patients and families. All children with T1DM should be monitored for symptoms and/or screened for commonly associated conditions such as thyroid and celiac disease. Objectives After completing this article, readers should be able to: Recognize the presenting signs and symptoms of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Know the key principles of effective diabetes self-management and the diabetes care team’s role in Continue reading >>
- Women in India with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Strategy (WINGS): Methodology and development of model of care for gestational diabetes mellitus (WINGS 4)
- Postprandial Blood Glucose Is a Stronger Predictor of Cardiovascular Events Than Fasting Blood Glucose in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Particularly in Women: Lessons from the San Luigi Gonzaga Diabetes Study
- Metabolic surgery for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus: Now supported by the world's leading diabetes organizations
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus In Children
What is type 1 diabetes in children? Diabetes is a condition in which the body can't make enough insulin, or can't use insulin normally. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder. The body's immune system damages the cells in the pancreas that make insulin. Insulin is a hormone. It helps sugar (glucose) in the blood get into cells of the body to be used as fuel. When glucose can’t enter the cells, it builds up in the blood. This is called high blood sugar (hyperglycemia). High blood sugar can cause problems all over the body. It can damage blood vessels and nerves. It can harm the eyes, kidneys, and heart. It can also cause symptoms such as tiredness. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a long-term (chronic) condition. It may start at any age. Only 5% of people with diabetes have type 1. Insulin from the pancreas must be replaced with insulin injections or an insulin pump. There are two forms of type 1 diabetes: Immune-mediated diabetes. This is an autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system damages the cells in the pancreas that make insulin. This is the most common kind of type 1 diabetes. Idiopathic type 1. This refers to rare forms of the disease with no known cause. What causes type 1 diabetes in a child? The cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. Researchers think some people inherit a gene than can cause type 1 diabetes if a trigger such as a virus occurs. Which children are at risk for type 1 diabetes? A child is more at risk for type 1 diabetes if he or she has any of these risk factors: A family member with the condition Caucasian race Being from Finland or Sardinia Is age 4 to 6, or 10 to 14 What are the symptoms of type 1 diabetes in a child? Type 1 diabetes often appears suddenly. In children, type 1 diabetes symptoms may be like flu symptoms. Symptoms ca Continue reading >>
Type 1 Diabetes In Children
Discovering that your child has diabetes can be upsetting and stressful for the whole family. On these pages, we’ll give you the basic information and skills you’ll need to care for your child, including an understanding of the major forms of the disease—especially type 1 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease—more specifically, a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism—in which the immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas (called beta cells). About one in every 600 children in the United States develops type 1 diabetes. While type 1 diabetes accounts for only about 10 percent of all diagnosed cases of diabetes in the country, it’s one of the most common chronic diseases in children. Most of the time, it occurs during puberty, when girls are 10 to 12 years old and when boys are 12 to 14 years old. But it’s increasing in young children under 5 years old. Type 1 diabetes tends to run in families. Brothers and sisters of children with type 1 diabetes have about a 10 percent chance of also developing the disease by age 50. With proper attention to maintaining the balance among your child’s food, exercise and insulin (if needed), she should not only be OK—she should be able to maintain good general health. But untreated diabetes can be dangerous and lead to damage to nerves, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and circulation. How Children’s Hospital Boston approaches type 1 diabetes Children’s Diabetes Program provides children and families with a multidisciplinary diabetes team of pediatric endocrinologists, diabetes nurse-educators, staff nurses, registered nutritionists and medical social workers. Our goals are: to help you manage the medical, nutritional and psycho-social needs of your child or teen with diabe Continue reading >>
Care Of Children And Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes
A statement of the American Diabetes Association ADA, American Diabetes Association AER, albumin excretion rate CVD, cardiovascular disease DCCT, Diabetes Control and Complications Trial DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis EDIC, Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications EMA, endomysial autoantibody MDI, multiple daily insulin injection NCEP, National Cholesterol Education Program NCEP-Peds, National Cholesterol Education Program for Pediatrics SMBG, self-monitoring of blood glucose tTG, tissue transglutaminase During recent years, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) has published detailed guidelines and recommendations for the management of diabetes in the form of technical reviews, position statements, and consensus statements. Recommendations regarding children and adolescents have generally been included as only a minor portion of these documents. For example, the most recent ADA position statement on “Standards of Medical Care for Patients With Diabetes Mellitus” (last revised October 2003) included “special considerations” for children and adolescents (1). Other position statements included age-specific recommendations for screening for nephropathy (2) and retinopathy (3) in children with diabetes. In addition, the ADA has published guidelines pertaining to certain aspects of diabetes that apply exclusively to children and adolescents, including care of children with diabetes at school (4) and camp (5) and a consensus statement on type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents (6). The purpose of this document is to provide a single resource on current standards of care pertaining specifically to children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. It is not meant to be an exhaustive compendium on all aspects of the management of pediatric diabetes. Howeve Continue reading >>
Type 1 Diabetes In Children
The most common type of diabetes in children is type 1 diabetes. In fact, according to the American Diabetes Association, type 1 diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases in children. Type 1 diabetes accounts for 5 percent of all diagnosed cases of diabetes in the U.S. What is type 1 diabetes? Type 1 diabetes may also be known by a variety of other names, including: Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) Juvenile diabetes Brittle diabetes Sugar diabetes There are two forms of type 1 diabetes: Idiopathic type 1. This refers to rare forms of the disease with no known cause. Immune-mediated diabetes. An autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system destroys, or attempts to destroy, the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. Immune-mediated diabetes is the most common form of type 1 diabetes and is generally referred to as type 1 diabetes. What causes type 1 diabetes? The cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. However, it is believed that people inherit a tendency to develop diabetes, and that some outside trigger may be involved. Type 1 diabetes is the result of the body's failure to produce insulin, the hormone that allows glucose to enter the cells of the body to provide fuel. This is the result of an autoimmune process in which the body's immune system attacks and destroys the insulin producing cells of the pancreas. When glucose cannot enter the cells, it builds up in the blood, depriving the cells of nutrition. People with type 1 diabetes must take daily insulin injections and regularly monitor their blood sugar levels. What are the symptoms of type 1 diabetes? Type 1 diabetes often appears suddenly. In children, type 1 diabetes symptoms may resemble flu symptoms. The following are the most common symptoms for type 1 diabetes. However, each ch Continue reading >>
Information For Parents Of Children With Type 1 Diabetes | Joslin Diabetes Center
Click here for more information on type 1 diabetes research at Joslin . Insulin cant be given orally because it is a protein and would be digested instead of getting to the bloodstream where it is needed. Just about all of the commercially available insulins now are genetically engineered as human insulin. Insulin comes in a variety of preparations that differ according to how fast it takes effect, when that effect is the greatest, and how long it continues to work in the body. What seems overwhelming now will eventually become routine. One of the first hurdles to get over is that to help your child, you must prick him or her with a needle. This will get easier for all involved. There are new devices as well as some in development that make blood glucose testing and insulin injections less painful, easier and more precise. To live successfully with diabetes essentially means to learn how to be a pancreas. You have to learn how to monitor blood glucose levels and adjust the levels of insulin needed accordingly. To do this, you must consider several factors: Blood glucose levels, measured several times a day. The timing and content of meals eaten (specifically, considering type and amount of carbohydrates in the foods). The amount of physical activity, which requires more glucose and thus more insulin. And then based on need, getting doses of insulin through multiple injections or an insulin pump into the body multiple times a day. Your healthcare team will be your main helpline. But you will find many more resources as you are ready to seek more information. We have more informationin our online libraryinformation sheets on such topics as "Diabetes at a Glance," "Getting High Quality Medical Care Amid Changes in Healthcare Insurance," and on monitoring, insulin, nutriti Continue reading >>
Outpatient Management Of Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes
Outpatient Management of Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes 1Pediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Health Sciences Center and Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 1Pediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Health Sciences Center and Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 2Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia Copyright 2015 Pediatric Pharmacy Advocacy Group This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. The incidence of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes (T1DM and T2DM) continues to rise within the pediatric population. However, T1DM remains the most prevalent form diagnosed in children. It is critical that health-care professionals understand the types of diabetes diagnosed in pediatrics, especially the distinguishing features between T1DM and T2DM, to ensure proper treatment. Similar to all individuals with T1DM, lifelong administration of exogenous insulin is necessary for survival. However, children have very distinct needs and challenges compared to those in the adult diabetes population. Accordingly, treatment, goals, and age-appropriate requirements must be individually addressed. The main objectives for the treatment of pediatric T1DM include maintaining glucose levels as close to normal as possible, avoiding acute complications, and preventing long-term complications. In addition, unique to pediatrics, facilitating normal growth and development is important to comprehensive care. To achieve these goals, a careful balance of insulin therapy, medical nutrition therapy, and exercise or activity is necessary. Pharmacological treatment options consist of various insulin products aimed Continue reading >>
Pediatric Diabetes, Type 1 And Type 2
For the Bassler family, this past spring was filled with big changes and new learnings about type 1 diabetes. For Lakin, it was about learning to live with her disease. Diabetes is a condition in which sufficient amounts of insulin are either not produced, or the body is unable to use the insulin that is produced. Diabetes can be defined as a metabolic disorder because the disease affects the way the body uses food to make glucose, the main source of fuel for the body. Diabetes may be the result of conditions such as genetic syndromes, chemicals, medications, malnutrition, infections, viruses or other illnesses. The three main types of diabetes include: Type 1 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system attacks the cells that produce insulin, resulting in either no insulin or a low amount of insulin. People with type 1 diabetes must take insulin daily in order to live. Type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is a result of the body's inability to make enough, or to properly use insulin. Type 2 diabetes may be controlled with diet, exercise and weight loss, but it may also require oral or injected medication and/or insulin injections. Gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes is a condition in which the glucose level is elevated and other diabetic symptoms appear during pregnancy when thewomanhas not previously been diagnosed with diabetes. In many cases of gestational diabetes, all diabetic symptoms disappear following delivery. Type 2 diabetes is commonly preceded by prediabetes. In prediabetes, blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be defined as diabetes. However, many people with prediabetes develop type 2 diabetes within 10 years, states the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disea Continue reading >>
What To Do When Your Child's Diagnosed With Type 1 Diabetes
Managing type 1 diabetes requires a 24-7 commitment, and that can be overwhelming. But it does get easier, and there is lots of help available. Maybe you're frightened. Or exhausted. Or worried that you won't be able to figure out the equipment or the insulin or how to get your child to sit still for another finger stick. When your kid is diagnosed with type 1 diabetes (T1D), the learning curve is steep -- but manageable. Here is the short version of what's going on: Your child's pancreas no longer produces insulin, a hormone your cells use to turn sugar (or glucose) into energy. Now, your child must take insulin, either by injection or through a pump attached to the body, to keep blood sugar levels in range in efforts to avoid serious long-term complications such as kidney failure, heart disease, lower-limb amputations, and blindness. This disease has no cure, but there are great ways to manage it (and amazing technologies on the horizon). For now, you'll be checking your kid's blood sugar several times throughout the day and night. You'll do this by taking a drop of blood from a finger poke, and placing it on a glucose meter. You'll use each sugar result as a guideline for how much insulin your child needs to eat or how to adjust for exercise to simply keep that blood sugar level in the target range. A child with T1D requires insulin through injection or a pump attached to the body. Both the shots and the site changes for the pump, which happen every two to three days to avoid infection and to maximize insulin absorption, can be painful at first, but kids generally get used to it within a few weeks. Until then, you can use numbing cream called EMLA, or an ice cube, plus distractions such as a special TV show or a stuffed animal to hug. There are even special distracti Continue reading >>
Type 1 Diabetes In Children
The most common type of diabetes in children is type 1 diabetes. In fact, according to the American Diabetes Association,type 1 diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases in children. Type 1 diabetes accounts for 5percent of all diagnosed cases of diabetes in the U.S. Type 1 diabetes may also be known by a variety of other names, including: Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) Idiopathic type 1.This refers to rare forms of the disease with no known cause. Immune-mediated diabetes.An autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system destroys, or attempts to destroy, the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. Immune-mediated diabetes is the most common form of type 1 diabetes and is generally referred to as type 1 diabetes. The cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. However, it is believed that people inherit a tendency to develop diabetes, and that some outside trigger may be involved. Type 1 diabetes is the result of the body's failure to produce insulin, the hormone that allows glucose to enter the cells of the body to provide fuel. This is the result of an autoimmune process in which the body's immune system attacks and destroys the insulin producing cells of the pancreas. When glucose cannot enter the cells, it builds up in the blood, depriving the cells of nutrition. People with type 1 diabetes must take daily insulin injections and regularly monitor their blood sugar levels. What are the symptoms of type 1 diabetes? Type 1 diabetes often appears suddenly. In children, type 1 diabetes symptoms may resemble flu symptoms. The following are the most common symptoms for type 1 diabetes. However, each child may experience symptoms differently. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, common symptoms may include: High levels of sugar in the Continue reading >>
Diabetes In Children And Teens
Until recently, the common type of diabetes in children and teens was type 1. It was called juvenile diabetes. With Type 1 diabetes, the pancreas does not make insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps glucose,or sugar, get into your cells to give them energy. Without insulin, too much sugar stays in the blood. Now younger people are also getting type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes used to be called adult-onset diabetes. But now it is becoming more common in children and teens, due to more obesity. With Type 2 diabetes, the body does not make or use insulin well. Children have a higher risk of type 2 diabetes if they are overweight or have obesity, have a family history of diabetes, or are not active. Children who are African American, Hispanic, Native American/Alaska Native, Asian American, or Pacific Islander also have a higher risk. To lower the risk of type 2 diabetes in children Have them maintain a healthy weight Be sure they are physically active Have them eat smaller portions of healthy foods Limit time with the TV, computer, and video Children and teens with type 1 diabetes may need to take insulin. Type 2 diabetes may be controlled with diet and exercise. If not, patients will need to take oral diabetes medicines or insulin. A blood test called the A1C can check on how you are managing your diabetes. Continue reading >>
How To Tell If Your Child Has Type 1 Diabetes
Every parent knows babies and small children sleep and drink a lot. But if your child is suddenly much drowsier or thirstier than usual, it could be a symptom of type 1 diabetes . It used to be called juvenile diabetes because most of the people who got it were young children. Your child could get type 1 diabetes as an infant , or later, as a toddler or a teen. Most often, it appears after age 5. But some people dont get it until their late 30s. Know the symptoms of type 1 diabetes so you can help keep your child healthy. Its not the same as classic or type 2 diabetes , which is often linked to obesity and seen in adults (but it can occur in children too, usually after age 10). If your child has type 1 diabetes, it means her pancreas -- an organ in the upper-right side of the belly -- makes little or no insulin . The condition is an autoimmune disorder , which means it happens when the bodys defense system attacks and destroys cells that make insulin . Symptoms of type 1 diabetes in infants and children can start very suddenly. Keep an eye out for these signs in your baby or child: Breath that smells fruity, sweet, or like wine Peeing more often (infants and toddlers may have more wet diapers than usual) Type 1 diabetes may cause sudden, extreme swings in blood sugar that can be dangerous. If you notice any of the symptoms of diabetes in your child, its important to get her a physical exam as soon as possible, so her doctor can begin treatment right away. The doctor will do a simple urine test to check for glucose (sugar) in the urine. A more involved test, called an oral glucose tolerance test , can tell for certain if its type 1 diabetes. Your child will need to follow a special diet before this procedure. If your child has already been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes Continue reading >>
