Hyperinsulinemia
Hyperinsulinemia, or hyperinsulinaemia is a condition in which there are excess levels of insulin circulating in the blood relative to the level of glucose. While it is often mistaken for diabetes or hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinemia can result from a variety of metabolic diseases and conditions. While hyperinsulinemia is often seen in people with early stage type 2 diabetes mellitus, it is not the cause of the condition and is only one symptom of the disease. Type 1 diabetes only occurs when pancreatic beta-cell function is impaired. Hyperinsulinemia can be seen in a variety of conditions including diabetes mellitus type 2, in neonates and in drug induced hyperinsulinemia. It can also occur in congenital hyperinsulism, including nesidioblastosis. Hyperinsulinemia is associated with hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia, and glucose intolerance.[1] These conditions are collectively known as Metabolic syndrome.[2] This close association between hyperinsulinemia and conditions of metabolic syndrome suggest related or common mechanisms of pathogenicity.[1] Hyperinsulinemia has been shown to "play a role in obese hypertension by increasing renal sodium retention".[1] In type 2 diabetes, the cells of the body become resistant to the effects of insulin as the receptors which bind to the hormone become less sensitive to insulin concentrations resulting in hyperinsulinemia and disturbances in insulin release.[3] With a reduced response to insulin, the beta cells of the pancreas secrete increasing amounts of insulin in response to the continued high blood glucose levels resulting in hyperinsulinemia. In insulin resistant tissues, a threshold concentration of insulin is reached causing the cells to uptake glucose and therefore decreases blood glucose levels. Studies have shown that Continue reading >>
Diabetes Insipidus
Print Overview Diabetes insipidus (die-uh-BEE-teze in-SIP-uh-dus) is an uncommon disorder that causes an imbalance of water in the body. This imbalance leads to intense thirst even after drinking fluids (polydipsia), and excretion of large amounts of urine (polyuria). While the names diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus sound similar, they're not related. Diabetes mellitus — which can occur as type 1 or type 2 — is the more common form of diabetes. There's no cure for diabetes insipidus, but treatments are available to relieve your thirst and normalize your urine output. Symptoms The most common signs and symptoms of diabetes insipidus are: Extreme thirst Excretion of an excessive amount of diluted urine Depending on the severity of the condition, urine output can be as much as 16 quarts (about 15 liters) a day if you're drinking a lot of fluids. Normally, a healthy adult will urinate an average of less than 3 quarts (about 3 liters) a day. Other signs may include needing to get up at night to urinate (nocturia) and bed-wetting. Infants and young children who have diabetes insipidus may have the following signs and symptoms: Unexplained fussiness or inconsolable crying Trouble sleeping Fever Vomiting Diarrhea Delayed growth Weight loss When to see a doctor See your doctor immediately if you notice the two most common signs of diabetes insipidus: excessive urination and extreme thirst. Causes Diabetes insipidus occurs when your body can't regulate how it handles fluids. Normally, your kidneys remove excess body fluids from your bloodstream. This fluid waste is temporarily stored in your bladder as urine, before you urinate. When your fluid regulation system is working properly, your kidneys conserve fluid and make less urine when your body water is decreased, suc Continue reading >>
Disorder Of Pancreatic Hormone
Let us Learn about the Disorder of Pancreatic Hormone. Pancreatic hormones, insulin and glucagon maintain homeostatic condition of blood glucose level by antagonistic functions. Failure of insulin secretion may cause a disease diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus means siphoning of honey i.e. large volume of urine with high sugar content. This disease was first reported in Egypt of about 1500 BC. Hypo secretion of insulin occurs due to damage or destruction of B-cells of pancreatic islets. Besides this, there are some other reasons for this disease. 2. Increased frequency of urine (Polyuria) 8. Increased frequency and extent of infections like boils, skin infection, urinary infection etc. 1. Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) or Type I. 2. Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) or Type II. Type l-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM): It is caused by marked deficiency of insulin or marked decrease in number of insulin secreting cells (-cells). It is opined that cytotoxic antibodies to -cells lead to destruction of -cells. Juvenile onset diabetes develops in youth (within 10-14 years) due to viral infections like mumps, rubella etc. Viral infections may damage -cells. In this condition blood glucose level increases above the normal level of 120 mg/100 ml blood. In this cases utilization of glucose is diminished, uptake of glucose to muscle tissue and adipose tissue become reduced; fall of insulin mediated induction of glucokinase, increased glycogenolysis and increased gluconeogenesis. Inhibition glycogenesis takes place. In this case blood glucose level exceeds the renal threshold of 180 mg/100 ml blood. In this condition, the renal tubules fail to reabsorb the entire quantity of glucose from glomerular filtrate, thus glucose appears in the urine. Continue reading >>
Endocrine System
What Is The Endocrine System? The endocrine system is one of the body's communication systems. It uses hormones to tell the body what to do. The endocrine system is composed of ductless glands. These are glands that release secretions directly into the blood and not into a duct (tube) like other types of glands such as the salivary glands. These ductless glands produce hormones, the body's chemical messengers. Each gland produces specific hormones. Hormones control and affect many body functions and organs, as well as behavior. The function of the endocrine system is closely linked to that of the nervous system. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION What Is A Hormone? A hormone is a chemical messenger. It is secreted directly into the blood by one of the glands in the endocrine system. When they are released they trigger reactions in different parts of the body. Some hormones are made of protein (insulin for example), while others are steroids (adreno-corticoid hormones), glycoproteins (TSH, FSH and LH) or derivatives of single amino acids (T4,T3). Hormones are produced in the gland and are then transported to the part of the body (or organ) they control or affect. What Is An Endocrine Gland? A ductless gland which produces hormones. Ductless means that there is no separate canal or tube to transport the hormones to the blood. Hormones travel straight into the bloodstream from the gland. Most hormones in the body are produced by the endocrine glands. What Do Hormones And The Endocrine System Do? They cause behaviors and functions in different areas of the body - for example some hormones are responsible for correct growth in children and changes to the body in puberty, others control the menstrual cycle, pregnancy or cause menopause. Some are responsible for responses to stress and da Continue reading >>
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Difference Between Diabetes Mellitus And Diabetes Insipidus | Major Differences
Difference between Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetes Insipidus Diabetes Mellitus It ischaracterizedby hyperglycemia (high blood sugar level), glycosuria (glucose in urine), polyuria ( increased volume of urine due to the osmotic effect of glucose), polydipsia (excessivie thirst), polyphagia (excessive appetite). It is due to the hyposecretion of insulin or lack of insulin. It is of two types:- Diabetes Type I and Diabetes Type II. Diabetes Type I (Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, IDDM): It is cased due to deficient insulin production by pancreas because either beta cells of islets of Langerhans are not able to produce insulin or beta cells are absent. Diabetes Type II (Insulin Independent or Non insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, NIDDM): It is an inherited recessive autosomal disorder appearing after the age of 40 years in which the cells fail to take up insulin from blood. It results in deficient passage of glucose form blood into the cell surfaces for storage or for direct consumption. It may occur due to defective insulin receptors over cell surfaces or abnormality on plasma protein amylin. The phenomenon is called insulin resistance. This type of diabetes mellitus accounts for 80-90% of all cases of diabetes. It is kept under control by administration of insulin in case of insulin dependent diabetes. and hypoglycaemics in case of insulin independent diabetes. Sugar free diet is a pre requisite in both the cases. Diabetes Insipidus (Drinkers disease): Hypo secretion of ADH (Antidiuretic hormone or Vasopressin) causes a disorder known as diabetes insipidus (Excretion of large quantity of dilute urine). ADH is released into blood when special osmoreceptors or hypothalamic neurons are stimulated by rise in osmotic pressure of blood due to loss of water from the body Continue reading >>
Islands Of Langerhans (in The Pancreas) - The Endocrine System
b. Hypoparathyroidism. This condition is the result of insufficient amounts of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) being produced by the parathyroid glands. The cause can be disease, injury, or a malfunction of these glands which was present at birth. This hormonal insufficiency leads to lower than normal blood concentration of calcium resulting in muscle spasms and convulsions. There can be dermatologic, ophthalmologic (cataracts), psychiatric, and dental symptoms of this condition. Treatment is the replacement of calcium in the body. The islands or islets of Langerhans consist of clusters of cells that make up the endocrine portion of the pancreas. These cells produce hormones. These cells can be classified as A cells, B cells, D cells, and F cells depending on the hormone produced by each type of cell. The most numerous cells are B cells which produce insulin. Two types of disorders result if the B cells do not produce the necessary quantity or quality of insulin: hyposecretion of insulin and hypersecretion of insulin. a. Hyposecretion of Insulin. Too little insulin is secreted. There is sugar in the urine, and the level of blood sugar is abnormally high. These are characteristics of diabetes mellitus, a disease discussed in lesson 3. b. Hypersecretion of Insulin. Too much insulin is secreted by the cells in the islands of Langerhans. The result is hypoglycemia which is abnormally low levels of blood sugar. The signs and symptoms of this condition include sweating, hunger, weakness, and lightheadedness. The symptoms often disappear after the patient eats Continue reading >>
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Types Of Endocrine Disorders
Last Updated on Sat, 14 Apr 2018 | Body Function Most endocrine disorders fall into one of four categories: (1) too little hormone (hyposecretion ); (2) too much hormone (hypersecretion); (3) reduced response of the target cells (hyporesponsiveness); and (4) increased response of the target cells (hyperresponsive-ness). In the first two categories, the phrases "too little hormone" and "too much hormone" here mean too little or too much for any given physiological situation. For example, as we shall see, insulin secretion decreases during fasting, and this decrease is an adaptive physiological response, not too little insulin. In contrast, insulin secretion should increase after eating, and if its increase is less than normal, this is too little hormone secretion . An endocrine gland may be secreting too little hormone because the gland is not able to function normally. This is termed primary hyposecretion . Examples of primary hyposecretion include (1) genetic absence of a steroid-forming enzyme in the adrenal cortex , leading to decreased cortisol secretion, and (2) dietary deficiency of iodine leading to decreased secretion of thyroid hormones . There are many other causesinfections, toxic chemicals, and so onall having the common denominator of damaging the endocrine gland. In contrast to primary hyposecretion, a gland may be secreting too little hormone not because the gland is abnormal but because there is not enough of its tropic hormone. This is termed secondary hyposecre-tion. For example, there may be nothing wrong with the thyroid gland, but it may be secreting too little thyroid hormone because the secretion of TSH by the anterior pituitary is abnormally low. Thus, the hypose-cretion by the thyroid gland in this case is secondary to inadequate secretion by t Continue reading >>
Growth Hormone Deficiency
Support Groups and Counseling for Growth Hormone Deficiency Growth hormone (GH) deficiency is a disorder that involves the pituitary gland (a small gland located at the base of the brain), which produces growth hormone and other hormones. When the pituitary gland does not produce enough growth hormone, growth will be slower than normal. Growth hormone is needed for normal growth in children. In adults, growth hormone is needed to maintain the proper amounts of body fat, muscle, and bone. In adults, low or absent growth hormone can also cause emotional symptoms, such as tiredness and lack of motivation. Cholesterol may also be affected. Adults with growth hormone deficiency usually have a history of pituitary tumors that may have been treated with surgery or radiation . Growth hormone deficiency is caused by low or absent secretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland. This can be caused by congenital (a condition that is present at birth) or acquired (a condition that occurs after birth) conditions. Congenital growth hormone deficiency may be associated with an abnormal pituitary gland, or it may be part of another syndrome. In normal aging , there is a decrease in the amount of growth hormone secreted each day and in the pattern of secretion. It is not clear if this is clinically important or requires any additional administration. Acquired causes of growth hormone deficiency include infections; brain tumors; and injury, surgery, or radiation to the head. In some cases, no causes can be identified. When to Seek Medical Care for Growth Hormone Deficiency If there is a question of growth hormone deficiency in either a child or an adult, consultation with a pediatric or adult endocrinologist, as appropriate, is recommended. The endocrinologist may order an insulin Continue reading >>
You And Your Hormones
What is insulin? Insulin is a hormone made by an organ located behind the stomach called the pancreas. Here, insulin is released into the bloodstream by specialised cells called beta cells found in areas of the pancreas called islets of langerhans (the term insulin comes from the Latin insula meaning island). Insulin can also be given as a medicine for patients with diabetes because they do not make enough of their own. It is usually given in the form of an injection. Insulin is released from the pancreas into the bloodstream. It is a hormone essential for us to live and has many effects on the whole body, mainly in controlling how the body uses carbohydrate and fat found in food. Insulin allows cells in the muscles, liver and fat (adipose tissue) to take up sugar (glucose) that has been absorbed into the bloodstream from food. This provides energy to the cells. This glucose can also be converted into fat to provide energy when glucose levels are too low. In addition, insulin has several other metabolic effects (such as stopping the breakdown of protein and fat). How is insulin controlled? When we eat food, glucose is absorbed from our gut into the bloodstream. This rise in blood glucose causes insulin to be released from the pancreas. Proteins in food and other hormones produced by the gut in response to food also stimulate insulin release. However, once the blood glucose levels return to normal, insulin release slows down. In addition, hormones released in times of acute stress, such as adrenaline, stop the release of insulin, leading to higher blood glucose levels. The release of insulin is tightly regulated in healthy people in order to balance food intake and the metabolic needs of the body. Insulin works in tandem with glucagon, another hormone produced by the pan Continue reading >>
Hypersecretion Of Insulin
Transcript of Hypersecretion of Insulin Secretion Regulated Can regulate blood glucose and the body senses and responds to rise in blood glucose by secreting insulin. Stimuli like sight and taste of food, nerve stimulation and increased blood concentrations of other fuel molecules, including amino acids and fatty acids, also promote insulin secretion. Hyposecretion of Insulin (lack of insulin from non functioning beta cells) Symptoms: Anxiety and sweating Body tumors and disorientation High body temperature Shock due to brain hypoglycemia coma or death Commercially Used Genes for making human insulin is transferred into simple cells (bacteria or baker’s yeast). The insulin made from the cells is identical to insulin made by the human pancreas. Hypersecreation of Insulin Causes: Genetics and Obesity No physical activity and aging Medications Symptoms: Hyperglycemia Polyuria, polydipsia and polyphagia Ketoacidosis which can lead to diabetic coma and death Diseases: Type 1 Diabetes: pancreas fails to produce insulin; autoimmune disorder (immune system attacks insulin. Treatment: Take insulin and monitor diet Type 2 Diabetes: Body can't use insulin efficiently, either because there isn't enough insulin or cells do not respond well to it. Treatment: Exercise, Weight Loss, Diet Modifications, and Medication Diseases: Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) Treatment: Ingesting simple sugars, followed by intake of complex CHOs and proteins Causes: Your body's sugar (glucose) is used up too quickly Glucose is released into the bloodstream too slowly Too much insulin is released into the bloodstream Sources "Diabetes mellitus." World of Scientific Discovery. Gale, 2007. Science in Context. Web. 10 Dec. 2013. Articles: "Insulin." World of Scientific Discovery. Gale, 2007. Science in Con Continue reading >>
What Are The Effects Of Hyposecretion Of Insulin?
Stephen Hutchison , I've faced Diabetes-2 directly and indirectly for 30+ years Answered 3w ago Author has 394 answers and 210.4k answer views Question is What are the effects of hyposecretion of insulin? Translated into colloquial english, this means not enough insulin produced in the body and the answer is This is one kind of diabetes. Insulin is THE metabolic messenger hormone that directs the cells of the body to process glucose and fats. Glucose is the form of sugar you find in your blood, and there are a variety of fats. Normally your body will burn glucose as long as you have enough carbohydrate in your diet to be digested into glucose. In the event that you dont have enough carbohydrate, your body will generate ketones, a form of burnable fat, and then will burn those instead. Note that in a normally healthy body, both of these are safe and healthy. However, with too little insulin, your body wont process either of them well, and you may end up with too much ketone in a relatively sugary blood, and that can result in a condition called ketoacidosis which is dangerous and can be fatal. In brief: Insulin is needed by your body to turn food that its digested into energy at the cellular level. If you dont have enough, your body cant do that. Ed Quah , Specialist doctor in Internal Medicine Updated 5w ago Author has 60 answers and 6.1k answer views The effects of reduced insulin level is akin to those experience in diabetes. Hopefully I can provide the mechanism for each symptoms one might expect to have with low insulin. In simple terms insulin enables the body to utilise glucose for energy. Without it, the body simple goes into the state of starvation, (weight loss and fatigue are common symptoms in diabetes) The excess glucose floating around the blood steam caus Continue reading >>
Endocrine System Diseases And Disorders - Advanced
How tall can a person become? This may be an exaggeration, but the world's tallest person, Robert Pershing Wadlow, stood almost nine feet tall when he died at the age of 22. Is growing that tall due to a problem with the endocrine system? Diseases of the endocrine system are common and include diseases such as diabetes, thyroid disease, and obesity. An endocrine disease is usually characterized by hyposecretion or hypersecretion of hormones and an inappropriate response to hormone signaling by cells. Cancer can occur in endocrine glands, such as the thyroid, and some hormones are involved in signaling distant cancer cells to multiply. For example, the estrogen receptor has been shown to be involved in certain types of breast cancers. Hyposecretion Hyposecretion is the production of no hormone or too little of a hormone. It can be caused by the destruction of hormone-secreting cells, such as in Type 1 diabetes, or by a deficiency in a nutrient that is important for hormone synthesis. Hyposecretion can be treated with hormone-replacement therapies. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that results in the destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. A person with Type 1 diabetes needs insulin replacement therapy, usually by injection or an insulin pump, in order to stay alive. An insulin pump is shown in Figure below. [Figure2] Diabetes insipidus is characterized by the excretion of large amounts of very dilute urine, even if liquid intake is reduced. It is caused either by an inability of the kidneys to concentrate urine due to a lack of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also called vasopressin, or by an insensitivity of the kidneys to that hormone. Blood glucose levels are not affected in diabetes insipidus. Growth hormone deficiency is caused by a lack Continue reading >>
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Fear And Love, Stress And Success, Sleep And Wakefulness, Thirst And Saturation, Shivering And Sweating, Courage And Embarrassment, All Are Daily Life Events That We Are Able To Get Through And Survive With The Help Of Our Precious Endocrine System.
Endocrine System Endocrine is a word that describe the glands in our body that secrete directly into our blood or lymph; the other type of glands we have in our body are called exocrine (secrete their products through ducts associated with them). Our endocrine system is divided into glands distributed all over our body and working together to maintain our homeostasis. In this brief handout we will go through many of our endocrine glands and describe their behavior in health vs. disease, an outline is given below. Outline: 1. The three classes of hormones. 2. Mechanisms of hormone actions. 3. Pituitary gland: a. Anatomy and location in the body b. Hormones secreted and their physiological function c. Diseases of the pituitary: i. More or less secretion (hypersecretion or hyposecretion) ii. Symptoms and signs (kids vs. Adults) 4. Thyroid gland: a. Anatomy and location in the body b. Hormones secreted and their physiological functions c. Diseases of the thyroid: i. More or less secretion (hypersecretion or hyposecretion) ii. Goiter iii. Graves disease iv. Myxedema and its treatment (national level only) v. Symptoms and signs (kids vs. adults) 5. Parathyroid gland: a. Anatomy and location in the body b. Hormones secreted and their physiological functions c. Diseases of the parathyroid: i. More or less secretion (hypersecretion or hyposecretion) ii. Symptoms and signs (kids vs. adults) 6. Adrenal gland: a. Anatomy and location in the body b. Hormones secreted and their physiological functions c. Diseases of the adrenal: i. More or less secretion (hypersecretion or hyposecretion) ii. Addison’s disease and its treatment(national levels) iii. Cushing disease and its treatment(national level) 7. Endocrine pancreas: a. Anatomy and location in the body b. Hormones secreted Continue reading >>
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Print Anatomy Chapter 16 Flashcards | Easy Notecards
stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids results in the following clinical symptoms: redistribution of body fat, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, weakness, hypertension, 'moon face' and 'buffalo hump', excessive bruising, and poor wound healing. These symptoms are associated with: premature closing of the epiphyseal plates Which of the following are associated with diabetes mellitus? glycisuria, polyuria, ketosis, and hyperglycemia local hormones that act on the same cell that secreted them This is the major integrating link between the nervous and endocrine systems: Gonadotrophs are cells within the posterior pituitary that secrete follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. Most of the action of human growth hormone (hGH) is to promote the synthesis and secretion of small protein hormones called insulinlike growth factors or somatomedins. The hypothalamus controls most of the endocrine releases from the pituitary. Increased secretion of calcitonin, produced in the (thyroid, parathyroid) gland (raises, lowers) blood calcium and phosphate by (stimulating, inhibiting) bone resorption by osteoclasts. Increased secretion of parathyroid hormone (increases, decreases) bone resorption and (increases, decreases) blood calcium and phosphate. The adrenal medulla secretes these amines after stimulation of sympathetic nerves to supplement or prolong the "fight or flight" response - _____________________ and ________________________ Continue reading >>
Growth Hormone Deficiency Symptoms
Symptoms of growth hormone deficiency can depend on your age. An adult with growth hormone deficiency can have different symptoms than a child with growth hormone deficiency. This article walks you through growth hormone deficiency symptoms in both children and adults. Growth Hormone Deficiency Symptoms in Children The most common symptom of growth hormone deficiency in children is that a child is significantly shorter than children his or her age. However, a child with this condition can have normal body proportions. Children with growth hormone deficiency typically grow less than 2 inches per year. (Children with normal levels of growth hormone grow about 2 inches a year from age 1 until they hit pubertywhen they can grow up to 4 inches a year.) Here are some other growth hormone deficiency symptoms in children: Child's face may appear younger than children who are the same age Delayed pubertybut sometimes a child won't go through puberty Increased fat around the face and stomach Growth Hormone Deficiency Symptoms in Adults Symptoms of growth hormone deficiency in adults can vary, and many adults who have this condition can experience a combination of the symptoms below. Difficult to concentration and lack of memory High levels of LDL (the "bad") cholesterol Reduced bone density, making you more susceptible to developing osteoporosis It's important to understand that not everyone with growth hormone deficiency will have the same symptoms. Some people will only have 1 or 2 symptoms, while others can have multiple symptoms. Fortunately, certain tests and exams can help your doctor diagnose you with growth hormone deficiency. Find out what tests you need for your doctor to make an accurate growth hormone deficiency diagnosis . Talk to your doctor (or your child's doctor Continue reading >>
