Diabetes And Atherosclerosis: Is There A Role For Hyperglycemia?
Go to: STUDIES ON ISOLATED VASCULAR CELLS SUGGEST THAT ELEVATED GLUCOSE LEVELS CAUSE A PLETHORA OF PROATHEROGENIC RESPONSES, BUT THE IN VIVO RELEVANCE OF MOST OF THESE FINDINGS AWAIT VERIFICATION Although in vitro studies have provided important insights into potential mechanisms by which glucose might damage arterial cells or play a role in atherogenesis, these studies suffer from the shortcoming that they usually examine a single mechanism in isolation, and often provide different results from those obtained with in vivo studies. Numerous studies have attempted to evaluate the role of high glucose conditions on cells of the artery wall, including endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages. It has been proposed that glucose might act directly, or indirectly via the generation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) or reactive oxygen species. High glucose concentrations have been shown to lead to diacylglycerol accumulation and protein kinase C activation in vascular cells, and to increased glucose flux through the aldose reductase pathway. These pathways have been linked to increased inflammation via increased nuclear factor κ-B activation, for example. The most well-described glucose-induced pathways have been reviewed in detail elsewhere (7, 8), and are therefore not further covered here. Atherosclerosis is initiated by the adhesion of monocytes to arterial endothelial cells, followed by their transmigration into the subendothelial space along a chemotactic gradient. One mechanism by which high glucose conditions may enhance this process involves activation of NFκB (9, 10), which leads to the expression of several inflammatory genes, including adhesion molecules that facilitate monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells (9). Monocytes then differentiate Continue reading >>
Risk Factors For Macrovascular Disease In Type 2 Diabetes
These pages are best viewed with Netscape version 3.0 or higher or Internet Explorer version 3.0 or higher. When viewed with other browsers, some characters or attributes may not be rendered correctly. ORIGINAL ARTICLE Risk Factors for Macrovascular Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Classic lipid abnormalities George Steiner, MD, FRCP It is well recognized that the most frequent chronic complication of diabetes is atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (1,2). Dyslipoproteinemias are among the many potential risk factors that may account for this. The term dyslipoproteinemia is used rather than hyperlipoproteinemia because in diabetes there may be changes in both the quantity and the quality of the lipoproteins. One of the earliest suggestions that lipid abnormalities may be responsible for atherosclerosis in diabetes was voiced by E.P. Joslin: "With fat diabetes begins. From fat diabetics die, formerly of coma recently of arteriosclerosis" (3). This article reviews some of the evidence relating dyslipoproteinemias to atherosclerosis in diabetes that has emerged since that assertion 70 years ago. Recognizing that feeding fat to rabbits resulted in the development of atheromatous lesions, Duff and McMillan (4) reasoned that feeding similar fat loads to alloxan-diabetic rabbits would produce even more atheromata. However, when they conducted that experiment almost 50 years ago, they found just the opposite—less atherosclerosis in the diabetic animals (4). They did not recognize at that time that the activity of lipoprotein lipase is greatly reduced in diabetic rabbits. Therefore, the massive hyperlipidemia that they produced was due to an increase in chylomicrons. More recent studies, summarized later, indicate that the small triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, not the chylomicrons Continue reading >>
Insulin Resistance, Type 2 Diabetes And Atherosclerosis
1Heart Institute (InCor), HCFMUSP- University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil 2Federal University of Uberlândia, Brazil 3Faculty of Medicine ABC, Santo André, Brazil Citation: Roever L, Casella-Filho A, Dourado PMM, Resende ES, Chagas ACP (2014) Insulin Resistance, Type 2 Diabetes and Atherosclerosis. J Diabetes Metab 5:464. doi: 10.4172/2155-6156.1000464 Copyright: © 2014 Roever L, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Visit for more related articles at Journal of Diabetes & Metabolism Abstract Insulin resistance is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus and is associated with a metabolic and cardiovascular cluster of disorders (dyslipidaemia, hypertension, obesity, glucose intolerance, metabolic syndrome and endothelial dysfunction), each of which is an independent risk factor for Cardiovascular Disease (CVD). Many prospective studies have documented an association between insulin resistance and accelerated CVD in patients with type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance and lipotoxicity represent the missing links that help to explain the accelerated rate of CVD in type 2 diabetic patients. Accumulation of toxic lipid metabolites in muscle, liver, adipocytes, beta cells and arterial tissues contributes to insulin resistance, beta cell dysfunction and accelerated atherosclerosis, respectively, in type 2 diabetes. Treatment with diet, exercise and drugs mobilizes fat out of tissues, leading to enhanced insulin sensitivity, improved beta cell function and decreased atherogenesis. Keywords Glycemic control; Dyslipidemia; Cardiovascular risk; Epidemiology Int Continue reading >>
How Can Diabetes Cause Atherosclerosis?
Atherosclerosis is a form of hardening of the blood vessels, caused by fatty deposits and local tissue reaction in the walls of the arteries. Blood supply beyond the affected parts of the artery is usually compromised by the narrowing and, sometimes, occlusion of the artery. The deposits, called plaques, may rupture with disastrous consequences. Diabetes mellitus is a documented high risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis. Heart disease and stroke, arising mainly from the effects of atherosclerosis, account for 65 percent of deaths among diabetics. Other complications of diabetes, such as blindness, gangrene and kidney disease, all have some deficiency of blood supply in their genesis. Video of the Day Normal blood vessels have an inner lining, called endothelium, that keeps blood flowing smoothly by producing local Nitrous oxide (NO). NO serves to relax the smooth muscles in the walls of the vessels and prevent cells from sticking to the walls. A disruption of this mechanism is thought to be at the heart of the increased formation of plaques in diabetes. High blood sugar, elevated fatty acids and triglycerides leads to stickier walls, encouraging the attachment of cells that produce local tissue reaction. The local tissue reaction further traps floating particles and different blood cells, heaping up and hardening the vessel walls. Insulin stimulates the production of NO by the cells lining the blood vessels. In diabetics who are resistant to the actions of insulin, this stimulatory effect is lost, resulting in increased tendencies towards plaque formation. In the presence of raised blood sugar and resistance to insulin, the lining cells of the blood vessels not only reduce production of NO, they also increase the production of substances that constrict the Continue reading >>
Nontraditional Risk Factors For Coronary Heart Disease Incidence Among Persons With Diabetes: The Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities (aric) Study
Nontraditional Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease Incidence among Persons with Diabetes: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Isao Saito, MD, PhD; Aaron R. Folsom, MD; Frederick L. Brancati, MD; Bruce B. Duncan, MD, PhD; Lloyd E. Chambless, PhD; Paul G. McGovern, PhD Major risk factors explain much of the excess risk for coronary heart disease produced by diabetes, but nontraditional factors may also relate to incident coronary heart disease. To examine the association of traditional and nontraditional risk factors with incidence of coronary heart disease in adults with diabetes. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. 1676 middle-aged persons who had diabetes but no history of prevalent coronary heart disease. Multiple risk factors were recorded at baseline. Follow-up was from 1987 through 1995. 186 participants developed incident coronary heart disease events during follow-up. As expected, the incidence of coronary heart disease in participants with diabetes was associated positively with traditional risk factors (hypertension, smoking, total cholesterol level, and low high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol level). After adjustment for sex, age, ethnicity, and ARIC field center, incident coronary heart disease was also significantly associated with waist-to-hip ratio; levels of HDL3 cholesterol, apolipoproteins A-I and B, albumin, fibrinogen, and von Willebrand factor; factor VIII activity; and leukocyte count. However, after adjustment for traditional risk factors for coronary heart disease, only levels of albumin, fibrinogen, and von Willebrand factor; factor VIII activity; and leukocyte count remained independently associated with coronary heart disease (P <0.03). The relative risks associated with the highest compared with l Continue reading >>
- Incidence of End-Stage Renal Disease Attributed to Diabetes Among Persons with Diagnosed Diabetes United States and Puerto Rico, 20002014
- Genetic Association of Waist-to-Hip Ratio With Cardiometabolic Traits, Type 2 Diabetes, and Coronary Heart Disease
- Incidence and Risk Factors of Type 1 Diabetes: Implications for the Emergency Department
Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus And Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Current Therapeutic Approaches
Type II diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular risk factors: Current therapeutic approaches 1 Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Athens, Athens, Greece 2 Department of Forensic and Investigative Science 4 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom Correspondence: Prof Jaipaul Singh, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom. E-mail ku.ca.nalcu@3hgnisj Received 2006 Jun 23; Accepted 2006 Jun 30. Copyright 2007, Pulsus Group Inc. All rights reserved This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Worldwide, approximately 200 million people currently have type II diabetes mellitus (DM), a prevalence that has been predicted to increase to 366 million by 2030. Rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and morbidity are particularly high in this population, representing a significant cost for health care systems. Type II DM patients generally carry a number of risk factors for CVD, including hyperglycemia, abnormal lipid profiles, alterations in inflammatory mediators and coagulation/thrombolytic parameters, as well as other nontraditional risk factors, many of which may be closely associated with insulin resistance. Therefore, successful management of CVD associated with diabetes represents a major challenge to the clinicians. An effective way of tackling this problem is to detect the associated risk factors and to target treatment toward their improvement. Targeting hyperglycemia alone does not reduce the excess risk in diabetes, highlighting the need for aggressive treatment of other risk factors. Although the current use of statin therapy is effective at reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, residual risk remains for other independent lipi Continue reading >>
- Pharmacology and therapeutic implications of current drugs for type 2 diabetes mellitus
- Are You at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes? Learn Common—and Not So Common—Risk Factors
- Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Youth With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study
Attenuating Cardiovascular Risk Factors In Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Atherogenic Mechanisms in Diabetes Links between endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis and diabetes have been increasingly recognized. One of the earliest discernible atherogenic changes in diabetes is endothelial dysfunction, which is characterized by inhibited vasodilation, vascular smooth-muscle proliferation, increased thrombogenesis and proatherogenic cellular processes.5 Abnormal endothelium-dependent vasodilation also occurs in the microcirculation of patients with diabetes, where it may contribute to ischemia and its sequelae.6 Hyperglycemia and atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes are related. Hyperglycemia causes glycosylation of virtually all proteins, inducing collagen cross-linking with other extracellular matrix proteins in the arterial wall.7 Long-term exposure to elevated glucose levels alone can cause the endothelial cell dysfunction observed in diabetes. Accelerated atherosclerosis, thrombosis, hypertension and hyperlipidemia all participate in the pathogenesis of vascular disease in patients with diabetes, and endothelial dysfunction is probably involved in each of these vascular abnormalities.8 The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis also involves oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol.9 Exposure to glycosylation end products can prolong the half-life of LDL cholesterol, increasing the likelihood that it will be trapped in the vascular wall where it is more susceptible to oxidation.7 ATHEROGENIC DYSLIPIDEMIA An interrelated group of lipoprotein abnormalities, collectively known as “atherogenic dyslipidemia,” predispose patients to develop coronary heart disease (Table 1).10 The risk of heart disease associated with these lipoprotein abnormalities equals or exceeds the risk from an LDL cholesterol concentration of 150 to 220 mg per dL Continue reading >>
Nontraditional Risk Factors For Cardiovascular Disease In Diabetes
Nontraditional Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes Section of Endocrinology (V.F., C.D., S.A.), Department of Medicine, Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112; Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Vivian A. Fonseca, M.D., Professor of Medicine, Director, Tulane Diabetes Program, Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Tulane University Medical Center SL53, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112-2699. Search for other works by this author on: Laboratory for Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Research (I.J.), University of California Davis, Sacramento, California 95817 Search for other works by this author on: Laboratory for Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Research (I.J.), University of California Davis, Sacramento, California 95817 Search for other works by this author on: Laboratory for Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Research (I.J.), University of California Davis, Sacramento, California 95817 Search for other works by this author on: Endocrine Reviews, Volume 25, Issue 1, 1 February 2004, Pages 153175, V. Fonseca, C. Desouza, S. Asnani, I. Jialal; Nontraditional Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes, Endocrine Reviews, Volume 25, Issue 1, 1 February 2004, Pages 153175, People with type 2 diabetes are disproportionately affected by cardiovascular disease (CVD), compared with those without diabetes. Traditional risk factors do not fully explain this excess risk, and other nontraditional risk factors may be important. This review will highlight the importance of nontraditional risk factors for CVD in the setting of type 2 diabetes and discuss their role in the pathogenesis of the excess CVD morbidity and mortality in these patients. We will also discuss the impact of various therapies u Continue reading >>
- Lowering Cardiovascular Disease Risk for Patients With Diabetes
- Are You at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes? Learn Common—and Not So Common—Risk Factors
- American Diabetes Association® Releases 2018 Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes, with Notable New Recommendations for People with Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes
Residual Risk Factors To Predict Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events In Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Patients With And Without Diabetes Mellitus
Article | Open Residual Risk Factors to Predict Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Patients with and without Diabetes Mellitus Scientific Reportsvolume7, Articlenumber:9179 (2017) A prospective observational study was conducted to investigate the residual risk factors to predict recurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) patients with a high prevalence under lipid-lowering therapy, particularly in the subpopulations of diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. A total of 5,483 adults (with a mean age of 66.4 and 73.3% male) with established coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, or peripheral artery disease were identified from the T-SPARCLE multi-center registry. Of them, 38.6% had diabetes. The residual risk factors for MACE are divergent in these atherosclerotic patients with and without diabetes. In diabetic subpopulation, the risk of MACE was significantly increased with heart failure (HF), chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 45 (vs. stage 12), without beta blocker use, and higher non-HDL-C, after controlling for covariates including statin use and the intensity of therapy. Increased LDL-C and TG levels were also associated with increased risk, but to a much less extent. Among nondiabetic individuals, HF, CKD stage 45, and history of myocardial infarction were the significant independent predictors of MACE. It is suggested that ASCVD patients with concomitant diabetes need stricter control of lipid, particularly non-HDL-C levels, to reduce cardiovascular risk when on statin therapy. Individuals with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) are known to be at high risk for morbidity and mortality, and intensified lipid management and lifestyle modif Continue reading >>
- Early Glycemic Control and Magnitude of HbA1c Reduction Predict Cardiovascular Events and Mortality: Population-Based Cohort Study of 24,752 Metformin Initiators
- Lowering Cardiovascular Disease Risk for Patients With Diabetes
- Postprandial Blood Glucose Is a Stronger Predictor of Cardiovascular Events Than Fasting Blood Glucose in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Particularly in Women: Lessons from the San Luigi Gonzaga Diabetes Study
Atherosclerosis: Are You At Risk? | Howstuffworks
There are many risk factors that increase the likelihood of developing atherosclerosis and CAD. These include: Obviously, some of these risk factors can be changed or controlled (on your own or with the help of your physician) and some cannot. And, some of these risk factors have an effect on each other. For example, many people can lower their blood pressure by simply giving up smoking. Also losing weight can help: You cannot control your age, family history, or gender. However, you can use these risk factors as impetous to take control of those risk factors you can change. Because heart disease is more common as we age, it is even more important to pay attention to your weight, blood sugar, cholesterol levels, blood pressure and exercise regimen. Men, in general, are at increased risk for coronary artery disease. When women reach menopause and the protective effect of the estrogen hormone is lost, the risk among genders becomes equalized. Keep in mind that while estrogen replacement may reduce a woman's risk of heart disease, there's a slightly increased risk of some cancers. Also, CAD is more common if you have a close relative (mother, father, sibling) who has had CAD at an early age. Hypertension (elevated blood pressure)is a risk factor for CAD. Hypertension can also lead to strokes, kidney disease, and aneurysms. Also, hypertension causes the heart to work harder and can lead to Congestive Heart Failure. Your blood pressure (BP) has two numbers. In a blood pressure reading, the upper number is called the systolic blood pressure. A systolic BP less than 140 is considered normal. The lower number is called the diastolic BP. A diastolic BP less than 90 is considered normal. Blood pressure that is slightly higher than this is called mild hypertension and can sometim Continue reading >>
Risk Factors For Atherosclerosis In Diabetes Mellitus
Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis in Diabetes Mellitus Part of the Developments in Cardiovascular Medicine book series (DICM, volume 125) A possible explanation for the increased frequency of cardiovascular disease in diabetes is that risk factors for atherosclerosis are more common in people with diabetes. This chapter discusses the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in diabetes and their relationship to atherosclerosis in people with diabetes. Some characteristics of diabetes itself will also be discussed. Abnormalities of lipid metabolism, hypertension, insulin, haemostatic disorders and microalbuminuria in relation to diabetes and atherosclerosis are discussed in detail in other chapers in this book. Coronary Heart DiseaseCardiovascular Risk FactorImpaired Glucose ToleranceDiabetic SubjectCoronary Heart Disease Mortality These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF. Garcia MJ, McNamara PM, Gordon T, Kannel WB (1974) Morbidity and mortality in diabetics in the Framingham population. Sixteen-year follow-up study. Diabetes 23:105111 PubMed Google Scholar Kannel WB, McGee DL (1979) Diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors: The Framingham Study. Circulation 59:813 PubMed Google Scholar Jarrett RJ, McCartney P, Keen H (1982) The Bedford Survey: Ten year mortality rates in newly diagnosed diabetics, borderline diabetics and normoglycaemic controls and risk indices for coronary heart disease in borderline diabetics. Diabetologia 22:7984 PubMed Google Scholar Sasaki A, Uehara M, Horiuchi N, Hasagawa K (1983) A long-term follow up study of Japane Continue reading >>
Cardiovascular Disease In Recent Onset Diabetes Mellitus - Sciencedirect
Volume 57, Issue 3 , May 2011, Pages 257-262 Cardiovascular disease in recent onset diabetes mellitus Author links open overlay panel ShoichiYamagishiMD, PhD Diabetes is associated with a marked increased risk of atherosclerotic vascular disorders, including coronary, cerebrovascular, and peripheral artery disease. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) could account for disabilities and high mortality rates in patients with diabetes. Conventional risk factors, including hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking, obesity, lack of exercise, and a positive family history, contribute similarly to macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetic patients and non-diabetic subjects. The levels of these factors in diabetic patients are certainly increased, but not enough to explain the exaggerated risk for macrovascular complications in the diabetic population. Furthermore, recently, macrovascular complications of diabetes have been shown to start before the onset of diabetes. Indeed, several clinical studies have confirmed the increased risk of CVD in patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Since insulin resistance-related postprandial metabolic derangements are thought to play a central role in the development and progression of CVD in patients with IGT, amelioration of postprandial metabolic disturbance is a therapeutic target for the prevention of CVD in these high-risk patients. Therefore, in this paper, we review the molecular mechanisms for the increased risk of CVD in recent onset diabetes mellitus, especially focusing on postprandial dysmetabolism. We also discuss here the potential therapeutic strategies that specially target the mechanisms responsible for vascular alterations in diabetes. Continue reading >>
- American Diabetes Association® Releases 2018 Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes, with Notable New Recommendations for People with Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes
- Conjoint Associations of Gestational Diabetes and Hypertension With Diabetes, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Disease in Parents: A Retrospective Cohort Study
- Postprandial Blood Glucose Is a Stronger Predictor of Cardiovascular Events Than Fasting Blood Glucose in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Particularly in Women: Lessons from the San Luigi Gonzaga Diabetes Study
Impact Of Diabetes On Cardiovascular Disease: An Update
Copyright © 2013 Alessandra Saldanha de Mattos Matheus et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Cardiovascular diseases are the most prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. The proposed mechanisms that can link accelerated atherosclerosis and increased cardiovascular risk in this population are poorly understood. It has been suggested that an association between hyperglycemia and intracellular metabolic changes can result in oxidative stress, low-grade inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. Recently, epigenetic factors by different types of reactions are known to be responsible for the interaction between genes and environment and for this reason can also account for the association between diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The impact of clinical factors that may coexist with diabetes such as obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension are also discussed. Furthermore, evidence that justify screening for subclinical atherosclerosis in asymptomatic patients is controversial and is also matter of this review. The purpose of this paper is to describe the association between poor glycemic control, oxidative stress, markers of insulin resistance, and of low-grade inflammation that have been suggested as putative factors linking diabetes and cardiovascular disease. 1. Introduction Diabetes is an important chronic disease which incidence is globally increasing and though considered as an epidemic [1]. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated there were 30 million people who had diabetes worldwide in 1985. This number increased to 135 Continue reading >>
- Impact of metformin on cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of randomised trials among people with type 2 diabetes
- Impact of menopause and diabetes on atherogenic lipid profile: is it worth to analyse lipoprotein subfractions to assess cardiovascular risk in women?
- American Diabetes Association® Releases 2018 Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes, with Notable New Recommendations for People with Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes
Cardiovascular Disease & Diabetes
The following statistics speak loud and clear that there is a strong correlation between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes. At least 68 percent of people age 65 or olderwith diabetes die from some form of heart disease; and 16% die of stroke. Adults with diabetes are two to four times more likely to die from heart disease than adults without diabetes. The American Heart Association considers diabetes to be one of theseven major controllable risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Why are people with diabetes at increased risk for CVD? Diabetes is treatable, but even when glucose levels are under control it greatly increases the risk of heart disease and stroke. That's because people with diabetes, particularly type 2 diabetes,may have the following conditions that contribute to their risk for developing cardiovascular disease. High blood pressure has long been recognized as a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Studies report a positive association between hypertension and insulin resistance. When patients have both hypertension and diabetes, which is a common combination, their risk for cardiovascular disease doubles. Abnormal cholesterol and high triglycerides Patients with diabetes often have unhealthy cholesterol levels including high LDL ("bad") cholesterol, low HDL ("good") cholesterol, and high triglycerides. This triad of poor lipid counts often occurs in patients with premature coronary heart disease. It is also characteristic of a lipid disorder associated with insulin resistance called atherogenic dyslipidemia, or diabetic dyslipidemia in those patients with diabetes. Learn more about cholesterol abnormalities as they relate to diabetes. Obesity is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and has been strongly associated with insulin Continue reading >>
- American Diabetes Association® Releases 2018 Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes, with Notable New Recommendations for People with Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes
- Conjoint Associations of Gestational Diabetes and Hypertension With Diabetes, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Disease in Parents: A Retrospective Cohort Study
- Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: A deadly duo
Risk Factors For Atherosclerosis
Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death in the United States and while the exact cause of atherosclerosis remains unknown, certain traits, conditions, or habits may raise a person's chance of developing it. These conditions are known as risk factors and a person's chances of developing atherosclerosis increase with the number of risk factors they have - most risk factors can be controlled and atherosclerosis can be prevented or delayed - these include high Cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the blood, low level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in the blood, Hypertension (high blood pressure), tobacco smoke, Diabetes Mellitus, Obesity, inactive lifestyle, age - a family history of heart disease is also a risk factor and the one which cannot be controlled. Unhealthy blood cholesterol levels - this includes high LDL cholesterol (sometimes called bad cholesterol) and low HDL cholesterol (sometimes called good cholesterol). High blood pressure - blood pressure is considered high if it stays at or above 140/90 mmHg over a period of time. Smoking - this can damage and tighten blood vessels, raise cholesterol levels, and raise blood pressure - smoking also doesn't allow enough oxygen to reach the body's tissues. Insulin resistance - Insulin is a hormone that helps move blood sugar into cells where it's used and insulin resistance occurs when the body cannot use its own insulin properly. Diabetes - this is a disease in which the body's blood sugar level is high because the body doesn't make enough insulin or does not use its insulin properly. Overweight or obesity - overweight is having extra body weight from muscle, bone, fat, and/or water - obesity is having a high amount of extra body fat. Lack of physical activity - lack of activity can worsen ot Continue reading >>
