Diabetes Mellitus Signs And Symptoms
There are three main types of diabetes: Type 1 Diabetes: About 5 to 10 percent of those with diabetes have type 1 diabetes. It's an autoimmune disease, meaning the body's own immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Patients with type 1 diabetes have very little or no insulin, and must take insulin everyday. Although the condition can appear at any age, typically it's diagnosed in children and young adults, which is why it was previously called juvenile diabetes. Type 2 Diabetes: Accounting for 90 to 95 percent of those with diabetes, type 2 is the most common form. Usually, it's diagnosed in adults over age 40 and 80 percent of those with type 2 diabetes are overweight. Because of the increase in obesity, type 2 diabetes is being diagnosed at younger ages, including in children. Initially in type 2 diabetes, insulin is produced, but the insulin doesn't function properly, leading to a condition called insulin resistance. Eventually, most people with type 2 diabetes suffer from decreased insulin production. Gestational Diabetes: Gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy. It occurs more often in African Americans, Native Americans, Latinos and people with a family history of diabetes. Typically, it disappears after delivery, although the condition is associated with an increased risk of developing diabetes later in life. If you think that you have diabetes, visit your doctor immediately for a definite diagnosis. Common symptoms include the following: Frequent urination Excessive thirst Unexplained weight loss Extreme hunger Sudden vision changes Tingling or numbness in the hands or feet Feeling very tired much of the time Very dry skin Sores that are slow to heal More infections than usual Some people may experience o Continue reading >>
Mod 9 Exam Flashcards | Quizlet
A nurse is discussing the pathophysiology of Graves disease. Which information should the nurse include? Graves disease is characterized by: ectopic secretion of thyroid hormone by a tumor. excessive production of circulating thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin. autoimmune destruction of the thyroid gland. injury to the pituitary, resulting in decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion. excessive production of circulating thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin. A clinician would suspect thyrotoxicosis if a patient presented with which of the following symptoms? Slow tendon reflexes and muscle stiffness A patient has Graves disease, and the nurse notices protrusion of the eyeball globe/orbit. What term should the nurse use to describe this finding? A nurse is asked what causes Cushing disease. How should the nurse respond? Cushing disease is commonly caused by: autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex. ectopic production of ACTH from a lung tumor. excessive production of cortisol from a tumor in the adrenal cortex. excessive production of aldosterone from a tumor in the adrenal cortex. ectopic production of ACTH from a lung tumor. A nurse is teaching about the pathophysiology of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secretion. Which information should the nurse include? SIADH results in excessive: renal excretion of sodium without water retention. renal retention of water without sodium retention. renal excretion of water without sodium retention. renal retention of water without sodium retention A patient has chronic hyperparathyroidism. Which complication should the nurse monitor for in the patient? A patient with type 1 diabetes asks the nurse what causes polyuria. What is the nurses best response? The symptom of polyuria in diabetes mellitus (DM Continue reading >>
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes is the type of diabetes that typically develops in children and in young adults. In type 1 diabetes the body stops making insulin and the blood sugar (glucose) level goes very high. Treatment to control the blood glucose level is with insulin injections and a healthy diet. Other treatments aim to reduce the risk of complications. They include reducing blood pressure if it is high and advice to lead a healthy lifestyle. What is type 1 diabetes? What is type 1 diabetes? Play VideoPlayMute0:00/0:00Loaded: 0%Progress: 0%Stream TypeLIVE0:00Playback Rate1xChapters Chapters Descriptions descriptions off, selected Subtitles undefined settings, opens undefined settings dialog captions and subtitles off, selected Audio TrackFullscreen This is a modal window. Beginning of dialog window. Escape will cancel and close the window. TextColorWhiteBlackRedGreenBlueYellowMagentaCyanTransparencyOpaqueSemi-TransparentBackgroundColorBlackWhiteRedGreenBlueYellowMagentaCyanTransparencyOpaqueSemi-TransparentTransparentWindowColorBlackWhiteRedGreenBlueYellowMagentaCyanTransparencyTransparentSemi-TransparentOpaqueFont Size50%75%100%125%150%175%200%300%400%Text Edge StyleNoneRaisedDepressedUniformDropshadowFont FamilyProportional Sans-SerifMonospace Sans-SerifProportional SerifMonospace SerifCasualScriptSmall CapsReset restore all settings to the default valuesDoneClose Modal Dialog End of dialog window. Diabetes mellitus (just called diabetes from now on) occurs when the level of sugar (glucose) in the blood becomes higher than normal. There are two main types of diabetes. These are called type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes usually first develops in children or young adults. In the UK about 1 in 300 people develop type 1 diabetes at some stage. With type 1 diabet Continue reading >>
Type 2 Diabetes In Seniors
Planning & Advice Senior Living Articles Type 2 Diabetes in Seniors By Jeannette Franks, PhD Jeannette Franks, PhD, is a passionate gerontologist who teaches at University of Washington and Bastyr University; she is the author of a book on assisted living and numerous articles. My career working with older people began 25 years ago at Community Services for the Blind, where friends, staff, volunteers and clients had lost their sight due to complications from diabetes. Some died at an early age. Today we know much more about the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of type 2 diabetes than we did then. Nevertheless, the disease has reached epidemic proportions in the U.S., afflicting more and more people at younger and younger ages. Type 1 diabetes affects 5% of all people with diabetes and occurs mostly in people under the age of 20. In this condition, the pancreas produces insufficient insulin to maintain normal glucose (blood sugar) levels. The vast majority of people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes, which is characterized by hyperglycemia (excess blood sugar) and insulin resistance. It can cause not only vision loss, but kidney failure, nerve damage, cardiovascular (heart and other artery blockage) disease, as well as increased infections and slowed healing, sometimes resulting in the need for amputation. Type 2 diabetes in seniors is particularly problematic. The most common initial symptoms of type 2 diabetes are increased thirst and frequent urination. Excess glucose in your bloodstream sucks water from tissues, forcing you to want to take in more liquid. Type 2 diabetes is frequently asymptomatic for many years, before initial tell-tale signs of the disease emerge. These include: Feeling lethargic, tired or chronically weak can be a sign of type 2 diabetes. Whe Continue reading >>
Diabetes: The Differences Between Types 1 And 2
Diabetes, or diabetes mellitus (DM), is a metabolic disorder in which the body cannot properly store and use sugar. It affects the body's ability to use glucose, a type of sugar found in the blood, as fuel. This happens because the body does not produce enough insulin, or the cells do not correctly respond to insulin to use glucose as energy. Insulin is a type of hormone produced by the pancreas to regulate how blood sugar becomes energy. An imbalance of insulin or resistance to insulin causes diabetes. Diabetes is linked to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, vision loss, neurological conditions, and damage to blood vessels and organs. There is type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. They have different causes and risk factors, and different lines of treatment. This article will compare the similarities and differences of types 1 and 2 diabetes. Gestational diabetes occurs in pregnancy and typically resolves after childbirth. However, having gestational diabetes also increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes after pregnancy, so patients are often screened for type 2 diabetes at a later date. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 29.1 million people in the United States (U.S.) have diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is much more common than type 1. For every person with type 1 diabetes, 20 will have type 2. Type 2 can be hereditary, but excess weight, a lack of exercise and an unhealthy diet increase At least a third of people in the U.S. will develop type 2 diabetes in their lifetime. Both types can lead to heart attack, stroke, nerve damage, kidney damage, and possible amputation of limbs. Causes In type 1 diabetes, the immune system mistakenly attacks the insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells. These cells are destro Continue reading >>
Chapter 41 Flashcards | Quizlet
A patient who is diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus would be expected to: Possible risk factors associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus include: An autoimmune susceptibility to diabetogenic viruses The presence of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) Clinical manifestations associated with a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus include: The nurse is asked to assess a patient for glucosuria. The nurse would secure a specimen of: Knowing that gluconeogenesis helps to maintain blood levels, a nurse should: -Document weight changes because fatty acid mobilization -Evaluate the patient's sensitivity to low room temperatures because of decreased adipose tissue insulation -Protect the patient form sources of infections because of decreased cellular protein deposits A nurse is assigned to care for a patient who is suspected of having type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clinical manifestations for which the nurse should assess include: Wounds that heal slowly or respond poorly to treatment There seems to be a strong positive correlation between type 2 diabetes mellitus and: The lowest fasting plasma glucose level suggestive of a diagnosis of diabetes is: The most sensitive test for diabetes mellitus is the : A female diabetic patient who weighs 130 lb has an ideal body weight of 116 lb. For weight reduction of 2 lb/week, her daily caloric intake should be approximately: An example of a commonly administered intermediate-acting insulin is: The nurse knows that an intermediate-acting insulin should reach its "peak" in: -Can deliver a premeal dose (bolus) of insulin before each meal -Deliver a continuous basal rate of insulin at 0.5 to 2.0 units/h -Prevent unexpected savings in blood glucose measurements A probable candidate for diabetic management with oral antidiabetic agents id the patie Continue reading >>
Types Of Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus (or diabetes) is a chronic, lifelong condition that affects your body's ability to use the energy found in food. There are three major types of diabetes: type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes. All types of diabetes mellitus have something in common. Normally, your body breaks down the sugars and carbohydrates you eat into a special sugar called glucose. Glucose fuels the cells in your body. But the cells need insulin, a hormone, in your bloodstream in order to take in the glucose and use it for energy. With diabetes mellitus, either your body doesn't make enough insulin, it can't use the insulin it does produce, or a combination of both. Since the cells can't take in the glucose, it builds up in your blood. High levels of blood glucose can damage the tiny blood vessels in your kidneys, heart, eyes, or nervous system. That's why diabetes -- especially if left untreated -- can eventually cause heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, blindness, and nerve damage to nerves in the feet. Type 1 diabetes is also called insulin-dependent diabetes. It used to be called juvenile-onset diabetes, because it often begins in childhood. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition. It's caused by the body attacking its own pancreas with antibodies. In people with type 1 diabetes, the damaged pancreas doesn't make insulin. This type of diabetes may be caused by a genetic predisposition. It could also be the result of faulty beta cells in the pancreas that normally produce insulin. A number of medical risks are associated with type 1 diabetes. Many of them stem from damage to the tiny blood vessels in your eyes (called diabetic retinopathy), nerves (diabetic neuropathy), and kidneys (diabetic nephropathy). Even more serious is the increased risk of hea Continue reading >>
Emergency Treatment For Diabetes
If not treated quickly enough, fluctuations in blood glucose levels can lead to a person with diabetes becoming unwell and losing consciousness. The two conditions associated with diabetes are: hyperglycaemia - high blood glucose hypoglycaemia - low blood glucose. The more common emergency is hypoglycaemia which affects brain function and can lead to unconsciousness if untreated. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life threatening complication in patients with untreated diabetes or improperly managed diabetes. It is most common among type 1, but it can also occur in type 2 if the body becomes physiologically stressed, for example during an infection. View the following table to see a comparison of the signs and symptoms of hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar) Hypoglycaemia occurs when any insulin in the body has moved too much glucose out of the bloodstream and blood glucose levels have become very low (less than 4 mmol/l). This is usually because the patient has taken too much insulin, exercised too vigorously or consumed alcohol on an empty stomach. This is commonly called a 'hypo'. Usually hypoglycaemia can be corrected simply by eating or drinking something with a high glucose content. If hypoglycaemia is not corrected, it can progress to more advanced symptoms such as slurred speech, confusion and ultimately unconsciousness. If a person loses consciousness they will need to have an emergency injection of a hormone called glucagon to raise the level of glucose in their blood. Some people with diabetes are at particular risk of hypoglycaemia: those who frequently experience hypoglycaemia, even if they are able to treat themselves people who have poor awareness of hypoglycaemia symptoms people who fast (e.g Continue reading >>
Type 2 Diabetes Symptoms, Signs, Diet, And Treatment
Type 2 diabetes is a condition in which cells cannot use blood sugar (glucose) efficiently for energy. This happens when the cells become insensitive to insulin and the blood sugar gradually gets too high. There are two types of diabetes mellitus, type 1 and type 2. In type 2, the pancreas still makes insulin, but the cells cannot use it very efficiently. In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas cannot make insulin due to auto-immune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells. Type 2 can be caused by: Lack of activity (sedentary behavior) Genetics Risk factors include: Being overweight Being sedentary including watching more than 2 hours of TV per day Drinking soda Consuming too much sugar and processed food The signs and symptoms of this type of this type of diabetes are sometimes subtle. The major symptom is often being overweight. Other symptoms and signs include: Urinating a lot Gaining or losing weight unintentionally Dark skin under armpits, chin, or groin Unusual odor to urine Blurry vision Often there are no specific symptoms of the condition and it goes undiagnosed until routine blood tests are ordered. A blood sugar level more than 125 when fasting or more than 200 randomly is a diagnosis for diabetes. Treatment is with diet and lifestyle changes that include eating less sugary foods, and foods that are high in simple carbohydrates (sugar, bread, and pasta.) Sometimes a person will need to take drugs, for example, metformin (Glucophage). People with both types of diabetes need monitor their blood sugar levels often to avoid high (hyperglycemia) and low blood sugar levels (hypoglycemia). Complications include heart and kidney disease, neuropathy, sexual and/or urinary problems, foot problems, and eye problems. This health condition can be prevented by following a Continue reading >>
Type 2 Diabetes - Understanding Medication - Nhs.uk
Most people need medicine to control their type 2 diabetes. Medicine helps keep your blood sugar level as normal as possible to prevent health problems. You'll have to take it for the rest of your life. Diabetes usually gets worse over time, so your medicine or dose may need to change. Adjusting your diet and being active is also necessary to keep your blood sugar level down. Diabetes medicines help lower the amount of sugar in your blood. There are many types of medicine for type 2 diabetes. It can take time to find a medicine and dose that's right for you. You'll usually be offered a medicine called metformin first. If your blood sugar levels aren't lower within 3 months, you may need another medicine. Over time, you may need a combination of medicines. Your GP or diabetes nurse will recommend the medicines most suitable for you. Insulin isn't often used for type 2 diabetes in the early years. It's only needed when other medicines no longer work. Diabetes UK has more information about taking medicines for type 2 diabetes . Your GP or diabetes nurse will explain how to take your medicine and how to store it. If you need to inject insulin or medicine called gliptins, they'll show you how. Your diabetes medicine may cause side effects. These can include: If you feel unwell after taking medicine or notice any side effects, speak to your GP or diabetes nurse. Don't stop taking medication without getting advice. How to get free prescriptions for diabetes medication You're entitled to free prescriptions for your diabetes medication. To claim your free prescriptions, you'll need to apply for an exemption certificate. To do this: you should get the certificate in the post about a week later it will last for 5 years take it to your pharmacy with your prescriptions Save your re Continue reading >>
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
Diabetes mellitus type 2 (also known as type 2 diabetes) is a long-term metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin.[6] Common symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, and unexplained weight loss.[3] Symptoms may also include increased hunger, feeling tired, and sores that do not heal.[3] Often symptoms come on slowly.[6] Long-term complications from high blood sugar include heart disease, strokes, diabetic retinopathy which can result in blindness, kidney failure, and poor blood flow in the limbs which may lead to amputations.[1] The sudden onset of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state may occur; however, ketoacidosis is uncommon.[4][5] Type 2 diabetes primarily occurs as a result of obesity and lack of exercise.[1] Some people are more genetically at risk than others.[6] Type 2 diabetes makes up about 90% of cases of diabetes, with the other 10% due primarily to diabetes mellitus type 1 and gestational diabetes.[1] In diabetes mellitus type 1 there is a lower total level of insulin to control blood glucose, due to an autoimmune induced loss of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.[12][13] Diagnosis of diabetes is by blood tests such as fasting plasma glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, or glycated hemoglobin (A1C).[3] Type 2 diabetes is partly preventable by staying a normal weight, exercising regularly, and eating properly.[1] Treatment involves exercise and dietary changes.[1] If blood sugar levels are not adequately lowered, the medication metformin is typically recommended.[7][14] Many people may eventually also require insulin injections.[9] In those on insulin, routinely checking blood sugar levels is advised; however, this may not be needed in those taking pills.[15] Bariatri Continue reading >>
- Women in India with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Strategy (WINGS): Methodology and development of model of care for gestational diabetes mellitus (WINGS 4)
- Postprandial Blood Glucose Is a Stronger Predictor of Cardiovascular Events Than Fasting Blood Glucose in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Particularly in Women: Lessons from the San Luigi Gonzaga Diabetes Study
- Metabolic surgery for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus: Now supported by the world's leading diabetes organizations
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus In Children And Adolescents
Go to: INTRODUCTION Thirty years ago, type 2 diabetes mellitus has been thought to be a rare occurrence in children and adolescents. However, in the mid-1990s, investigators began to observe an increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus worldwide[1]. This is particularly the case in the United States[1,2] but has also been reported in other countries like Canada, Japan, Austria, United Kingdom and Germany[3-10]. In some regions in the United States, type 2 diabetes mellitus is as frequent as type 1 diabetes mellitus in adolescents [11]. This observation followed a striking increase both the prevalence and the degree of obesity in children and adolescents in many populations[12,13]. Overweight is at present the most common health problem facing children in both develop and developing countries[13]. While obesity is not increasing any more in the United States and some countries in Europe[14,15], the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus has been increased threefold[15]. This has been attributed to the fact, that the prevalence of obesity is not increasing but the degree of obesity in affected children and adolescents[15]. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a serious and costly disease. The chronic complications of diabetes mellitus include accelerated development of cardiovascular diseases, end-stage renal disease, loss of visual acuity, and limb amputations. All of these complications contribute to the excess morbidity and mortality in individuals with diabetes mellitus. Since the incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children are increasing and if this increase cannot be reversed, our society will face major challenges. That is, the burden of diabetes mellitus and its complications will affect many more individuals than currently anticipated, and the Continue reading >>
Type 1 Diabetes Vs. Type 2 Diabetes
Diabetes affects over 29 million people in the United States, and 1 in 4 of those affected are unaware that they have diabetes.[1] Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in younger people and occurs when the body cannot produce enough insulin. In type 2 diabetes, the body cannot use the insulin it produces. This disease, frequently related to obesity, a sedentary lifestyle, and genetics, is most often diagnosed in adults, but incidence rates are increasing among teens in America.[2][3] Comparison chart Type 1 Diabetes versus Type 2 Diabetes comparison chart Type 1 Diabetes Type 2 Diabetes Definition Beta cells in pancreas are being attacked by body's own cells and therefore can't produce insulin to take sugar out of the blood stream. Insulin is not produced. Diet related insulin release is so large and frequent that receptor cells have become less sensitive to the insulin. This insulin resistance results in less sugar being removed from the blood. Diagnosis Genetic, environmental and auto-immune factors, idiopathic Genetic, obesity (central adipose), physical inactivity, high/low birth weight, GDM, poor placental growth, metabolic syndrome Warning Signs Increased thirst & urination, constant hunger, weight loss, blurred vision and extreme tiredness, glycouria Feeling tired or ill, frequent urination (especially at night), unusual thirst, weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections and slow wound healing, asymptomatic Commonly Afflicted Groups Children/teens Adults, elderly, certain ethnic groups Prone ethnic groups All more common in African American, Latino/Hispanic, Native American, Asian or Pacific Islander Bodily Effects Beleived to be triggered autoimmune destruction of the beta cells; autoimmune attack may occur following a viral infection such as mumps, rubell Continue reading >>
Diabetes Type 2
Type 2 diabetes is more common in people who don't do enough physical activity, and who are overweight or obese. Type 2 diabetes can often be prevented or delayed with early lifestyle changes, however there is no cure. Common symptoms include being more thirsty than usual, passing more urine, feeling tired and lethargic, slow-healing wounds, itching and skin infections and blurred vision. People with pre-diabetes can reduce their risk of developing diabetes by increasing their physical activity, eating healthily and losing weight (if they are overweight). On this page: Diabetes is a condition where there is too much glucose (a type of sugar) in the blood. The body uses glucose as its main source of energy. Glucose comes from foods that contain carbohydrates, such as potatoes, bread, pasta, rice, fruit and milk. After food is digested, the glucose is released and absorbed into the bloodstream. The glucose in the bloodstream needs to move into body tissues so that cells can use it for energy. Excess glucose is stored in the liver, or converted to fat and stored in other body tissues. Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas, which is a gland located just below the stomach. Insulin opens the doors (the glucose channels) that let glucose move from the blood into the body cells. It also allows glucose to be stored in the liver and other tissues. This is part of a process known as glucose metabolism. There are two main types of diabetes – type 1 and type 2. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the body's immune cells attack the insulin-producing cells. As a result, people with type 1 diabetes cannot produce insulin and need insulin injections to survive. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes, and affects 85 to 90 per cent of all people with diabet Continue reading >>
Diabetes Flashcards | Quizlet
4. A client is seen in the health care providers office. What data should alert the nurse as a risk factor associated with the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus? d. History of delivering a baby weighing less than 8 lb 5. The nurse is educating a client newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus. What information should the nurse include in client education about ongoing monitoring of glucose levels? a. Urine testing will assist in measuring hypoglycemia. b. Urine testing is only used until glucose goals are achieved. c. Self-monitoring blood glucose is painless and noninvasive. d. Self-monitoring blood glucose should occur three or four times a day. d. Self-monitoring blood glucose should occur three or four times a day. 6. The nurse has completed educating a client diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus about medication, nutrition, and exercise. What statement by the client indicates the client has a good understanding of how to properly treat diabetes mellitus? a. "I will take oral hypoglycemic agents to control my blood glucose." b. "I need to exercise at least 120 minutes each week." c. "I need to learn sick day management rules." d. "I will prevent prolonged sessions of exercise because they cause hyperglycemia." c. "I need to learn sick day management rules." 7. When planning care for a client with diabetes mellitus, the nurse addresses the potential problem of risk for infection. Which intervention will assist in addressing this potential problem? a. Monitor sensation to extremities daily. b. Instruct the client to have an oral examination yearly. c. Teach using lukewarm water and soap for skin care. c. Teach using lukewarm water and soap for skin care. 8. The nurse is admitting a client with diabetes mellitus. Which information should the nurse specif Continue reading >>
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