Usual Symptoms Of Diabetes Mellitus Include Quizlet

Chapter 19 Flashcards | Quizlet

4. The three main symptoms of untreated type 1 diabetes mellitus are b. neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy. c. confusion, loss of coordination, and headaches. d. fatigue, loss of appetite, and frequent infections. 5. The cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus is c. inability of cells to respond to insulin in the bloodstream. d. inability of the pancreas to keep up with the body's demands for insulin. 6. The two strongest risk factors for type 2 diabetes are b. recurrent viral infections and stress. d. preference for sweet foods and sedentary lifestyle. 7. In individuals with type 2 diabetes, insulin production is generally 12. The main difference between the different types of exogenous insulin is c. the type of solvent used to carry the insulin. d. the length of time they take to act in the body. 13. Sulfonylureas and meglitinides decrease blood glucose levels by b. slowing the rate of absorption of glucose. c. providing an exogenous source of insulin. 14. Patients with diabetes mellitus should exercise at times when their blood glucose level is _____ mg/dL. 15. To prevent hypoglycemia after exercise, patients with type 1 diabetes should c. increase their intake of protein-based foods. d. increase their intake of carbohydrate-based foods. 16. Patients with type 2 diabetes are most likely to maintain good metabolic control if they a. avoid all sources of simple carbohydrates. b. avoid eating during the evening or at night. c. space their meals evenly throughout the day. d. eat one large meal and two small meals each day. 17. Glycosylated hemoglobin level is used to indicate a. the effect of meals on blood glucose level. b. day-to-day variations in blood glucose level. c. iron deficiency anemia in patients with diabetes. d. overall blood glucose control over several we Continue reading >>

Diabetes Mellitus

Sort reduces hepatic glucose production, enhances tissue response to insulin and improves glucose transport into cells, may improve blood lipid levels, withhold for procedures using contrast dye for 48 hr afterwards, excreted thru kidney and liver biguanide (popular) synthetic verision of natural hormone amylin (amylin works w/ insulin to control the low of sugar from food in the bloodstream, decr gastric emptying time) use is only in addition to insulin SUBQ, hypoglycemia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, headache, fatigue, dizziness (side effects) Amylinomimetic (mimics amylin (symlin) DO NOT WANT TO CONTAMINATE REGULAR INSULIN WITH THE INTERMEDIATE 1. GENTLY ROTATE NPH (INTERMEDIATE) 2. CLEANSE TOPS OF BOTH INSULIN VIALS W/ ALCOHOL 3 IN SYRINGE, DRAW BACK AMOUNT OF AIR TO EQUAL NPH INSULIN DOSE AND INJECT AIR INTO VIAL 4. IN SYRINGE, DRAW BACK AMT OF AIR TO EQUAL REGULAR INSULIN DOSE AND INJECT AIR INTO VIAL 5. INVERT REGULAR INSULIN VIAL AND WITHDRAW EXACT DOSE 6. PLACE NEEDLE/SYRINGE BACK IN TO THE INTERMEDIATE INSULIN AND WITHDRAW THE EXACT TOTAL AMOUNT NEEDED hypoglycemia symptoms weakness, or shaking moist skin, sweating, fast heartbeat (tachycardia) dizziness sudden hunger headache irritability nervousness confusion <70 mg/dl hyperglycemia symptoms polyphagia polydipsia polyuria dry or itchy skin feeling tired or sleepy blurred vision frequent infections slow healing of cuts or sores Continue reading >>

Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards | Quizlet

DM is the seventh leading cause of death due to CARDIOVASCULAR disorders, -atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, and stroke DM people are 2 to 4 times more likely to have heart disease and strokes than those w/o DM second cause of end-stage renal disease DM major cause of newly diagnosed blindness and most frequent cause of non traumatic amputations which body tissues DON'T require insulin for glucoses intake? brain, liver, intestines, and renal tubules, NERVES which body tissue require insulin for glucose movement into cells catecholamines, growth hormone, cortisol and glucagon stimulate an increase in BG in times of Hypoglycemia , STRESS, GROWTH, INCREASED METABOLIC DEMAND, FEVER cellular starvation occurs as the body cannot move glucose (energy) into fat and muscle cells hyperglycemia and ketosis, ketones bodies produced during the oxidation of fatty acids genetic markers, environmental factor- viral infection, chemical toxins polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, malaise, fatigue, dehydration, dry mucous membranes, KETOACIDOSIS caused by a medical condition or medication ex - cushings syndrome, hyperthyroidism, pancreatitis, parenteral nutrition, corticosteroids, thiazide diuretics, phenytoin, atypical antipsychotics DIABETES USUALLY RESOLVED WHEN UNDERLYING CONDITION TREATED AIC levels for high risk of diabetes and vascular disease the more weight, the higher the resistance to insulin which promotes the breakdown glycogen ( stored glucose in liver) called glucogenolysis insulin production usually sufficient to prevent the break down of fats, ketosis how does metabolic syndrome increases insulin resistance and leads to type 2 DM central obesity- waist circumference larger than 40 in in men and 35in in women type 1 when in physiological stress, infection Continue reading >>

Diabetes Mellitus

Sort Elevated BG levels, Increase in urination, increase in appetite followed by lack of appetite, weakness and fatigue, blurred vision, headache, glycosuria, nausea and vomiting, abdominal cramps, progression to DKA or HHS Symptoms of Hyperglycemia caused by deficiency of insulin, characterized by hyperglycemia, ketosis, acidosis, and dehydration. likely in Type 1 DM, death occurs if untreated. symptoms include; dehydration signs, tachycardia, hypotension, vomiting, sweet breath. BG>250 pH< 7.30 Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Severe hyperglycemia, osmotic diuresis, and extracellular fluid depletion. higher BG levels increase serum osmolality and produce more severe neurologic manifestations such as somnolence, coma, seizures, hemiparesis, and aphasia. BG>600 Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Syndrome (HHS) Continue reading >>

Fa Davis Qs 40 Flashcards | Quizlet

4. Latent autoimmune diabetes of adulthood 2. Ninety-five percent of people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes mellitus. The other types are much less common. A patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus has not been able to control blood glucose levels. What acute high blood glucose complication should the nurse review with this patient? 4. The major high blood glucose complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus is hyperosmolar hyperglycemia. As blood glucose rises (hyperglycemic), polyuria causes profound dehydration, producing the hyperosmolar (concentrated) state. Blood glucose may rise as high as 1500 mg/dL, and electrolyte imbalances occur. Nephropathy is a chronic complication; ketoacidosis occurs with type 1 diabetes; and hypoglycemia is the opposite of high blood glucose. The nurse working on the endocrine unit is reviewing preprandial glucose results. Which results indicate that diabetes is well controlled? Select all that apply. 1. A 29-year-old male with glucose = 84 mg/dL 2. A 33-year-old male with glucose = 60 mg/dL 3. A 42-year-old male with glucose = 145 mg/dL 4. A 51-year-old female with glucose = 115 mg/dL 5. A 28-year-old female with glucose = 188 mg/dL 1, 4. The American Diabetes Association recommends that patients maintain a preprandial (premeal) plasma glucose level of 70 to 130 mg/dL.Values >70 mg/dL or <130 mg/dL indicate that diabetes is not well controlled. A patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus is experiencing the dawn phenomenon. What adjustments in the patient's treatment plan should the nurse anticipate? Select all that apply. 1,3. The dawn phenomenon is treated with careful adjustment of meals and insulin so that insulin is peaking when the blood glucose is highest. The dawn phenomenon is not treated by altering hours of sleep, minutes of exerc Continue reading >>

Patho Exam 4

Sort Which of the following types of diabetes is controlled primarily through diet, exercise, and oral medications? A. Diabetes insipidus B. Diabetic ketoacidosis C. Type 1 diabetes mellitus D. Type 2 diabetes mellitus D A client presenting with low levels of adrenocortical hormones in the blood or urine may have which of the following conditions? A. Addison's Disease B. Cushing's syndrome C. Hyperthyroidism D. Hypothyroidism A Secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) by which of the following glands controls the rate at which thyroid hormone is released? A. Adrenal gland B. Parathyroid gland C. Pituitary gland D. Thyroid gland C The hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) affect which of the following body processes? A. Blood glucose level & glyconeogenesis B. Growth & development as well as metabolic rate C. Growth of bones, muscles, & other organs D. Bone resorption, calcium absorption, and blood calcium levels B Which of the following groups of hormones are released by the medulla of the adrenal gland? A. Epinephrine & norepinephrine B. Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, & androgens C. Triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) , and calcitonin D. Insulin , glucagon, and somatostatin A Diabetes Mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders in which the body's capacity to utilize glucose, fat, and protein are disturbed due to insulin deficiency or insulin resistance. A. True B. False A Which of the following conditions is caused excessive secretion of ADH (vasopressin)? A. Thyrotoxic crisis (storm) B. Diabetes insipidus C. Primary Adrenocortical insufficiency D. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) D Which of the following disease processes releases enough insulin to prevent ketosis but not enough to prevent hyperglycemia? A. Dia Continue reading >>

Diabetes Saunders Ch. 54

Chronic disorder of impaired carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism caused by a deficiency of insulin. An absolute or relative deficiency of insulin nearly absolute deficiency of insulin (primary beta cell destruction); if insulin is not given, fats are metabolized for energy, resulting in ketonemia (acidosis). relative lack of insulin or resistance to the action of insulin; usually insulin is sufficient to stabilize fat and protein metabolism but not carbohydrate metabolism. the individual has coexisting risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus; these risk factors include abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, high triglyceride level and a lowered HDL cholesterol level. Macrovascular complications of diabetes mellitus coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral vascular disease. Microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus Polyuria, polyphagia, hyperglycemia, weight loss in type 1 diabetes, blurred vision, slow wound healing, vaginal infections, weakness and paresthesias, inadequate circulation to the feet, signs of accelerated atherosclerosis patient's diet should take into account weight, medication, activity level and other health problems. Day to day consistency in timing and amount of food intake helps control blood glucose level, If the HCP advises follow the recommendations of the American Diabetic Association diet or U.S. dietary guidelines (MyPlate) Carbohydrate counting may be a simpler approach for some clients; it focuses on the total grams of carbohydrates eaten per meal. The client may be more compliant with carbohydrate counting, resulting in better glycemic control. It's usually necessary for patients undergoing intense insulin therapy. lowers blood glucose level, encourage Continue reading >>

Diabetes Mellitus: Pathophysiology; Symptoms; Diagnosis; Treatments

CHRONIC COMPLICATION OF DM: People w/ diabetes and its associated Metabolic Syndrome have an increased risk for...? 1. MACROvascular complications (stroke, ischemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease) 2. MICROvascular complications (retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy) ***Leading cause of blindness, chronic kidney disease, and non-traumatic limb amputation in the US. ***2 to 4 times more likely to develop heart disease or suffer a stroke ***Gestational diabetes is a principal cause of congenital malformations, perinatal mortality, and premature mortality. What is the difference between diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose, & impaired glucose tolerance? DM- diagnosed dt increased plasma glucose >200mg/dL when randomly taken impaired fasting glucose is seen in glucose intolerance when Fasting BG <100mg-<126 mg/L What is the principal cause of congenital malformations, perinatal mortality, and premature mortality? Acute Symptoms of DM are commonly what 5 things? ACUTE SX include: polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, blurred vision DM Patients have the possibility of presenting with increased: (alternative two things to primary 5 acute Sx) increased susceptibility to infections (e.g. recurrent vaginal candidiasis or urinary tract infections) Chronic Symptoms of DM typically present when? Many remain asymptomatic for long periods, so that the first presentation of the disease is frequently a chronic complication--VASCULAR DAMAGE CAUSES .... 50% of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes will already have developed an irreversible vascular complication WHAT ARE THE VALUES NEEDED TO DIAGNOSE DIABETES MELLITUS? Glucose intolerance, denoted by what two variables? How are they found? A denoted risk factor based on a patients fasting BG and post-prandial BG leve Continue reading >>

Diabetes Mellitus

Sort List some of the risk factors for Type 2 DM (TEST) Sedentary lifestyle Obesity Family history of diabetes Age 40 years and older Polycystic ovary syndrome Ethnicity: (Native American, or Alaskan, African American, Latino, Pacific Islander) Cardiovascular Disease and hypertension Acanthosis Nigricans Gestational Diabetes, infant more than 10 lbs @ birth (SOFA- GE-CAP) What is "Pre-diabetes"? : individuals with impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or both. IFG and IGT are risk factors for developing diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease. IFG: fasting plasma glucose level from 100 to 125 mg/dl IGT: 2-hour plasma glucose between 140 and 199 mg/dL during OGTT (oral glucose tolerance test). What are signs and symptoms of PVD? (TEST) Diminished pedal pulses Claudication (pain in calf, back, or buttocks while walking) Skin is discolored and cool to the touch Legs are smooth and shiny with little to no hair **When arteries in the lower extremities can no longer deliver O2 and nutrients to peripheral tissues, gangrene may develop, necessitating amputation of affected parts of extremities. Neuropathic Complications and classes of neuropathic complications : pathologic damage to nerve tissue (neuropathy) related to poor glucose control, ischemic lesions of nerves, and chemical changes in the peripheral nerve cells. The patient with diabetic neuropathy may not feel or recognize pain. It affects about 13% of people with diabetes, and patients who have diabetes for more than 25 years have a 50% chance of experiencing neuropathies. Classes include: Mononeuropathy Polyneuropathy Autonomic Neuropathy Polyneuropathy (TEST) : occurs when many nerves throughout the body malfunction simultaneously. It may be acute and appear without warning, or chronic and deve Continue reading >>

Focus On Diabetes Mellitus

Sort Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus more common in young persons, can occur at any age S/S abrupt, but disease process may br present for several years 5-10% of all types Virus and Toxins Endogenous insulin is minimal or absent Thin, normal or obese nutritional status Thirst, Polyuria, polyphagia, fatigue and weight loss nutritional therapy essential insulin required for all frequent vascular and neurologic complications Tyoe 2 Diabetes Mellitus ususally 35 and older, can occur at any age, increasing in children may go undiagnosed for years 90-95% of all types obesity and lack of exercise endogenous insulin is probably excessive, adequate but delayed secretion or reduced utilization obes or normal nutritional status nutritional therapy is essential insulin required for some Nursing implementation: Ambulatory and Home care overall goal is to enable patient or caregiver to reach an optimal level of independence insulin therapy and oral agents personal hygiene medical identification and travel card (must carry identifications indicating diagnosis of diabetes) patient and family teaching (educate on disease process, physical activity, medications, monitoring blood glucose, diet, resources) (enable patient to become most active participant in care) Hypoglycemia signs and symptoms low blood glucose under 70 mg/dl too much insulin in proportion to glucose in the blood cold, clammy skin, diaphoresis numbeness of fingers, toes, and mouth rapid heartbeat confusion, irritability headache nervousness, tremors faintness, dizziness unsteady gait, slurred speach hunger changes in vision seizures, coma Gerontoligic considerations prevalence increases with age presence of delayed pscyhomotor function could interfere with treating of hypoglycemia must consider patient's own desire for treatmen Continue reading >>

Diabetes Mellitus

Sort List the 6 classes of oral hypoglycaemic mediations 1. sulfonylureas (gliclazide) primary involvement with stimulating the pancreas to secrete insulin 2. biguanides (metformin) enhancing the glucose lower and combined with other oral hypoglycaemic 3. sulfanylureas & biguanide combination (mixed) 4. thiazolidinediones (pioglitazone) enhance insulin action at receptor cite by increasing insulin secretion from beta cells - targets beta cells 5. alpha-glycosidase inhibitors (acarbose) 6. glitinide (novanorm) lowering glucose level agent What is the action of insulin? insulin allows glucose to move into cells to make energy. It does this by: * glycogenisis - promotes production & storage of glycogen * glycogenolysis - inhibits glycogen breakdown into glucose * increases protein and lipid synthesis * inhibits tissue breakdown by inhibiting liver glycogenolysis (ketogenesis - converts fats to acids) and gluconeogenisis (conversion of proteins to glucose) * in muscle, promotes protein and glycogen synthesis * in fat cells, promotes triglyceride storage List the physical signs of DKA * altered mental status without evidence of head trauma * tachycardia * tachypnea or hyperventilation (kussmaul respirations) * normal/low BP Increased capillary refill time - poor perfusion * lethargy and weakness * fever * acetone door of the breath reflecting metabolic acidosis Describe the treatment management of DKA * initial stabilisation: ABCD, 1/2 hourly BP HR urine output, hourly capillary BGL, 2 hourly electrolytes especially potassium * fluids & electrolytes: most pt's have a deficit of several litres (40-80 ml/kg), rapid fluid reuses for hypovolaemia (first 24hrs give 1/3 fluid in the first 5-6 hours of N/saline), potassium replacement (if not above 6mmol/L give 1/2-2g, 6-26mmol/hr Continue reading >>

Chapter 19: Nutrition For Diabetes Mellitus

1. A person is diagnosed as having diabetes mellitus if his or her fasting blood glucose level on two occasions is greater than _____ mg/dL. a. 90 b. 120 c. 126 d. 156 ANS: C Diabetes mellitus is diagnosed as fasting blood glucose level >126 mg/dL on two occasions. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: Page 401 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological integrity 2. Long-term complications of diabetes mellitus include a. arthritis, rheumatism, and osteoporosis. b. retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. c. impaired immunity and opportunistic infections. d. dermatitis, nephrotic syndrome, and detached retina. ANS: B Long-term complications of diabetes mellitus include retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Diabetes mellitus can increase risk and severity of infection indirectly due to poor circulation and high blood glucose levels, but immunity is not impaired. Arthritis, rheumatism, osteoporosis, dermatitis, nephritic syndrome, and detached retina are not associated with diabetes. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: Pages 401-402 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological integrity 3. The type of diabetes therapy that seems to be most effective in decreasing and delaying the complications of diabetes is a. psychotherapy. b. intensive therapy. c. combined therapy. d. conventional therapy. ANS: B Intensive therapy is most effective in decreasing and delaying the complications of diabetes because it allows better control of blood glucose levels. Psychotherapy may help patients cope with psychological concerns about their disease, but will not delay complications. Conventional therapy may help prevent complications if blood glucose levels are well controlled, but this is less likely than with intensive therapy. Combined the Continue reading >>

Diabetes

Sort 1. A 54-year-old patient admitted with type 2 diabetes asks the nurse what "type 2" means. What is the most appropriate response by the nurse? A. "With type 2 diabetes, the body of the pancreas becomes inflamed." B. "With type 2 diabetes, insulin secretion is decreased, and insulin resistance is increased." C."With type 2 diabetes, the patient is totally dependent on an outside source of insulin." D. "With type 2 diabetes, the body produces autoantibodies that destroy β-cells in the pancreas." B."With type 2 diabetes, insulin secretion is decreased, and insulin resistance is increased." Rationale: In type 2 diabetes mellitus, the secretion of insulin by the pancreas is reduced, and/or the cells of the body become resistant to insulin. The pancreas becomes inflamed with pancreatitis. The patient is totally dependent on exogenous insulin and may have had autoantibodies destroy the β-cells in the pancreas with type 1 diabetes mellitus. 2. The nurse caring for a patient hospitalized with diabetes mellitus would look for which laboratory test result to obtain information on the patient's past glucose control? A. Prealbumin level B. Urine ketone level C. Fasting glucose level D. Glycosylated hemoglobin level D. Glycosylated hemoglobin level Rationale. A glycosylated hemoglobin level detects the amount of glucose that is bound to red blood cells (RBCs). When circulating glucose levels are high, glucose attaches to the RBCs and remains there for the life of the blood cell, which is approximately 120 days. Thus the test can give an indication of glycemic control over approximately 2 to 3 months. The prealbumin level is used to establish nutritional status and is unrelated to past glucose control. The urine ketone level will only show that hyperglycemia or starvation is pr Continue reading >>

Nutrition Flashcards | Quizlet

A thick layer of mucus to coat the lining of the stomach The stomach is protected from digesting itself by producing? In general, what temperature should you cook poultry and ground meat to? Diet less than 50-100 grams of carbs per day If a total of 2000kcal were consumed (250g of carbs, 66g of fat, and 102g of protein) what percentage of energy comes rom carbs, fats and proteins? The most common type of diabetes mellitus is? Many signs and symptoms of nutrient deficiency disease are not specific hard to link many signs and symptoms to dietary intake Which is a limitation of nutritional assessment? Is a pesticide that kills caterpillars, a major threat to corn Bt corn contains a protein produced by a bacterial gene. This protein.... Too little research is available to establish a RDA An Adequate Intake (AI) is set for a nutrient when... Improper canning of foods can result in serious foodborne illness caused by the ______ bacteria While_____ suppresses gluconeogenesis, _____ increases glycogen breakdown Make at least half your grains whole grains What eating behavior does Myplate encourage? What foods contributes to a substantial amount of monosaturated fatty acids? What is alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid classified as? Elevates LDL levels. while decreasing HDL Why are trans fatty acids are now considered more atherogenic than saturated fatty acids? Dietary protein can be used for protein synthesis and other vital processes, rather than being used as a source of energy Why are dietary sugars and starches called "protein sparing"? The maximum daily intake level not likely to cause harmful effects What is a possible explanation for a natural phenomenon? Dark green vegetables, red & orange vegetables. starchy vegetables, bean and peas, and other vegetables The Mypl Continue reading >>

Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards | Quizlet

Short acting:Regular insulin:onset 30-60 mins peak 2-4 hrs duration 6-8 hrs used for dosing pts with sliding scale only form of insulin that can be given IV monitor for hypoglycemia, have oral carb availible. What are the classic signs and symptoms of Diabetes mellitus the quantity of nitrogen in the blood in the form of urea. The normal concentration is 8 to 25 mg/100 mL; An increase in the BUN level often indicates decreased renal function abnormally high blood sugar usually associated with diabetes abnormally low blood sugar usually resulting from excessive insulin or a poor diet do not mix this insulin with any other medications. It is Clear. Administer Sub Q. Monitor for weight. Monitor for hypoglycemia & redness at injection site., insulin glargine Insulin lispro, Rapid-Acting Insulin, Onset: 15-30 min, Peak: 0.5-2.5 hrs, Duration: 3-6.5 hrs Excessive urination, excessive thirst, dry mouth, and dry skin, acetone breath (fruity smell) blurred vision and headache, rapid pulse, lower blood pressure, and loss of consciousness. Record info let dentis know. More blood sugar in blood level. Why are diabetics more prone to infection Usually occurs during the night, but manifests as an elevated glucose in the morning and may be inadvertently treated with an increase in insulin dosage. Check blood glucose around 3:00 a.m. Adjusting insulin to avoid peaking during the night will correct this effect. Another tx for Diabetes Insipidus (not often used) - 1st generation sulfonuric agent that was used for type II diabetes but is not often used any more. It can increase ADH secretion or it can improve the affect ADH has on the kidneys. Given to pts with nephrogenic DI b/c it improves the use or ability of the existing ADH to have an effect. stimulate release of insulin from pancr Continue reading >>