Type 1 Diabetes Wiki

Diabetologist

Diabetology is the branch of medicine that studies diabetes, especially diabetes mellitus and its treatment. What does a diabetologist do? A diabetologist deals with the diagnosis of diabetes in all its forms, and its treatment in order to enable a patient to control the pathology and maintain a good quality of life. What diseases are treated by a diabetologist? A diabetologist treats diabetes in all its forms including diabetes mellitus, insulin-dependent diabetes (Type 1 diabetes), diabetes insipidus, and gestational diabetes. What are the procedures used by a diabetologist? A very important part of the diabetologist work is to show patients how to manage the disease in the best way possible. The specialist mainly uses blood tests in order to detect and monitor changes in the blood glucose levels of body. In the case of gestational diabetes and type 1 diabetes the doctor will use an insulin therapy. The specialist also insists on a change of lifestyle including moderate physical activity and constant and regular well balanced diet. When should a patient visit a diabetologist? An appointment should be set if a patient is experiencing symptoms that are typical of diabetes mellitus and type 1 diabetes such as increased thirst, fatigue, frequent infections of the mucous membranes, irritability, frequent urination, sudden weight loss, and blurry vision. An appointment is also necessary if blood tests have shown anomalies that would suggest the presence of imbalances in glycemic level. Other reasons to visit are during pregnancy, in case of new symptoms for previously diagnosed patients, and in case the patient would like a second opinion on the diagnosis or management of the disease. Continue reading >>

I've Been Diagnosed With Lada — Latent Autoimmune Diabetes In Adults. What's The Difference Between It And Other Forms Of Diabetes?

Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) is a slow progressing form of autoimmune diabetes. Like the autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes, LADA occurs because your pancreas stops producing adequate insulin, most likely from some "insult" that slowly damages the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. But unlike type 1 diabetes, with LADA, you often won't need insulin for several months up to years after you've been diagnosed. Many researchers believe LADA, sometimes called type 1.5 diabetes, is a subtype of type 1 diabetes. Other researchers believe diabetes occurs on a continuum, with LADA falling between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. People who have LADA are usually over age 30. Because they're older when symptoms develop than is typical for someone with type 1 diabetes and because initially their pancreases still produce some insulin, people with LADA are often misdiagnosed with type 2 diabetes. If you've been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and you're lean and physically active or you've recently lost weight without effort, talk with your doctor about whether your current treatment is still the best one for you. At first, LADA can be managed by controlling your blood sugar with diet, weight reduction if appropriate, exercise and, possibly, oral medications. But as your body gradually loses its ability to produce insulin, insulin shots will eventually be needed. More research is needed before the best way to treat LADA is established. Talk with your doctor about the best LADA treatment options for you. As with any type of diabetes, you'll need close follow-up to minimize progression of your diabetes and potential complications. Continue reading >>

Risk Factors And Aetiology Of Diabetes Mellitus

type 2 diabetes mellitus introduction it is thought that T2DM develops when a diabetogenic lifestyle (ie. excessive caloric intake, inadequate caloric expenditure, obesity) is superimposed on a susceptible genotype genetic factors prenatal factors hypertension hyperlipidaemia type 1 diabetes mellitus it is considered to be an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells in those who have genetic susceptibility and an environmental trigger (perhaps viral or toxin related) monozygotic twins will share the diagnosis more than 50% of the time by the age of 40 years child of mother with T1DM has 2-3% risk while child of father with T1DM has 5-6% risk, and 30% if both parents have T1DM Continue reading >>

Insulin Resistance

Insulin is a hormone. Normally, insulin is released by beta cells in the pancreas in response to high blood sugar in the bloodstream, and reduces glucose (blood sugar) levels by carrying the glucose into the body's cells where it can be used. When there's excess glucose, insulin converts this excess to fat. In a daily diet with high amounts of sugary and refined carbohydrate foods, the cells will become "resistant" to insulin effects, that is, they stop absorbing glucose. The body responds to the higher blood glucose by producing even higher levels of insulin to help more glucose enter the cells. As long as the beta cells are able to produce enough insulin to overcome the insulin resistance, blood glucose levels stay in the healthy range. Over time, the beta cells can fail to keep up with the body's increased need for insulin. Without enough insulin, excess glucose builds up in the bloodstream, leading to diabetes, prediabetes, and other serious health disorders and the condition of insulin resistance occurs, with it's high levels of fasting blood glucose. See this description of insulin resistance for more. Insulin resistance is at the root of many health concerns, particularly those diseases to which ApoE4s are susceptible. A person can be insulin resistant without being Type 2 Diabetic, but Type 2 Diabetes by definition includes insulin resistance. There are many factors which can play in to insulin resistance, but a person is particularly vulnerable to developing insulin resistance if they are sedentary and eat a poor diet. In our primer we emphasize: Lowering insulin resistance. Many researchers and doctors, and many on our forum including myself, think this is the most important thing you can do to hopefully prevent AD. In addition, it is critical for prevention o Continue reading >>

Syndromes Of Ketosis-prone Diabetes Mellitus

INTRODUCTION Since the mid-1990s, increasing attention has been focused on a heterogeneous condition characterized by presentation with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in patients who do not necessarily fit the typical characteristics of autoimmune type 1 diabetes. Earlier reports used the terms "atypical diabetes," "Flatbush diabetes," "diabetes type 1B," and "ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes mellitus" to describe subsets of this condition, and it was noted that in some instances patients presented with DKA as the first manifestation of diabetes and evolved to insulin independence [1]. While initially these reports suggested that the condition, now termed ketosis-prone diabetes (KPD), might be limited to persons of non-Caucasian ethnicity, its prevalence appears to be increasing in a wide range of ethnic groups worldwide [2-5]. The classification, pathophysiology, natural history, and management of KPD will be reviewed here. Patients with islet autoantibodies who do not present with ketosis, including those termed "latent autoimmune diabetes in adults" (LADA), "type 1.5 diabetes" [6,7], and "slowly progressing type 1 diabetes" [8] are discussed elsewhere. (See "Classification of diabetes mellitus and genetic diabetic syndromes".) CLASSIFICATION OF KPD The goal of new classification schemes is to enable clinicians to predict which patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) require temporary insulin treatment versus life-long insulin therapy. They also highlight subgroups for genetic and pathogenetic studies. Ketosis-prone diabetes (KPD) comprises a group of diabetes syndromes characterized by severe beta cell dysfunction (manifested by presentation with DKA or unprovoked ketosis) and a variable clinical course. These syndromes do not fit the traditional categories of diabetes d Continue reading >>

Infant Of Diabetic Mother

Infants of diabetic mothers (IDMs) have experienced a nearly 30-fold decrease in morbidity and mortality rates since the development of specialized maternal, fetal, and neonatal care for women with diabetes and their offspring. Before then, fetal and neonatal mortality rates were as high as 65%. Today, 3-10% of pregnancies are affected by abnormal glucose regulation and control. Of these cases, 80-88% are related to abnormal glucose control of pregnancy or gestational diabetes mellitus. Of mothers with preexisting diabetes, 35% have been found to have type 1 diabetes mellitus, and 65% have been found to have type 2 diabetes mellitus. Infants born to mothers with glucose intolerance are at an increased risk of morbidity and mortality related to the following: These infants are likely to be born by cesarean delivery for many reasons, among which are such complications as shoulder dystocia with potential brachial plexus injury related to the infant's large size. These mothers must be closely monitored throughout pregnancy. If optimal care is provided, the perinatal mortality rate, excluding congenital malformations, is nearly equivalent to that observed in normal pregnancies. Continue reading >>

What Is Diabetes?

Diabetes is a condition where the body fails to utilize the ingested glucose properly. This could be due to lack of the hormone insulin or because the insulin that is available is not working effectively. Diabetes mellitus The term diabetes is the shortened version of the full name diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is derived from: the Greek word diabetes meaning siphon - to pass through the Latin word mellitus meaning honeyed or sweet This is because in diabetes excess sugar is found in blood as well as the urine. It was known in the 17th century as the “pissing evil”. Diabetes epidemiology Diabetes is the fastest growing long term disease that affects millions of people worldwide. According to the charity Diabetes UK, more than two million people in the UK have the condition and up to 750,000 more are unaware of having the condition. In the United States 25.8 million people or 8.3% of the population have diabetes. Of these, 7.0 million have undiagnosed diabetes. In 2010, about 1.9 million new cases of diabetes were diagnosed in population over 20 years. It is said that if this trend continues, 1 in 3 Americans would be diabetic by 2050. Types of diabetes There are two types of diabetes – Type 1 and type 2. Type 1 diabetes is called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and occurs at a younger age or childhood. In these patients there is complete lack of the hormone insulin that mandates external administration of the hormone regularly as treatment. Around 75% of people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes mellitus. This was earlier termed non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or maturity-onset diabetes mellitus. The number of people with type 2 diabetes is rapidly increasing. In type 2 diabetes, not enough insulin is produced or the insulin that is made Continue reading >>

Intensive Diabetes Therapy And Glomerular Filtration Rate In Type 1 Diabetes

Incomplete In patients with type I diabetes mellitus, what is the benefit of intensive therapy in preserving the glomerular filtration rate? Bottom Line Intensive glucose control in patients with type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with preservation of GFR. The long-term risk of an impaired GFR was significantly lower by 50% among persons treated for an average of 6.5 years with DCCT intensive-therapy than among those treated with conventional-therapy. This effect was not evidence until more than 10 years after randomization, beyond the period of the DCCT treatment intervention. The data suggests that giving approximately 29 persons with T1DM for 6.5 years prevents one case of an impaired GFR over a total follow-up period of 20 years. Hyperglycemia contributes to an impaired GFR in patients with T1DM. Multicenter, prospective, randomized, observational study In DCCT (1983-1989), 1,441 patients with T1DM randomly assigned to 6.5 years of: Intensive therapy targeted at near-normal glucose concentrations versus Conventional therapy targeted at preventing hyperglycemic symptoms Subsequently, all DCCT participants were invited to join EDIC, which was an observational extension of DCCT, and 1375 (96% of surviving cohort) were followed Mean follow-up: 22 years in combined studies Enrollment criteria Serum creatinine levels measured annually throughout course of both studies Impairment of GFR defined as estimated GFR ≤60 ml/min/1.73 m2 at two consecutive study visits, usually 1 year apart ESRD defined as: need for kidney transplantation or initiation of maintenance dialysis All comparisons are DCCT intensive-therapy vs DCCT conventional-therapy. DCCT Mean age: 27 years Mean duration of diabetes: 6 years None were taking antihypertensive medications Albumin excretion Continue reading >>

How To Control Diabetes

Expert Reviewed Five Parts:Making a Diabetes Treatment Plan (Type 1 Diabetes)Making a Diabetes Treatment Plan (Type 2 Diabetes)Receiving Diabetes TestsManaging Your DietUsing MedicationCommunity Q&A For many, a diabetes diagnosis is a wake-up call. You can get a diagnosis at any age, and it's important to know what you can do to help yourself live a normal life with diabetes. Controlling a case of diabetes is usually a question of managing your blood sugar levels and living an active, health-conscious life. Medications (insulin for type 1 when the body can not make enough insulin, but often other medications for type 2, for when the body does not use its available insulin correctly) are also used to keep your blood sugar under control and to manage your symptoms. Getting your diabetes under control so you can live a happy and healthy life is the goal. The content in this article refers only to general cases and is not intended to replace the opinion of a doctor or following your medical team's advice. 1 Consult with a doctor to start or adjust your treatment plan. Type 1 diabetes, also called juvenile diabetes, is a chronic disease, which, despite its name, can begin and affect people at any age. This type of diabetes is an autoimmune disease. While it can occur suddenly due to infection, symptoms will usually appear after an illness.[1] Symptoms in type 1 are usually quite noticeable, more severe and quicker to cause illness. Symptoms for type 1 or advanced type 2 often include:[2] Increased thirst and frequent urination Dehydration Possibly extreme hunger with confused appetite (nothing satisfies you) Unexplained blurred vision Unexplained weight loss Unusual weakness/fatigue Irritability Slow-healing sores Frequent infections (such as gums or skin infections and vagi Continue reading >>

Regularity Of Glucose In The Body

When you are talking about Diabetes Mellitus there are two separate types they are similar very much but also different. The two types of Diabetes are Type one and Type two each one are dangerous to someones health the problems, the difference of Type 1 to Type 2 is that Type one is known to be passed down from the parent to the offspring. While Type two is know to be acquired from bad eating habits or environmental issues. One main thing you need to understand is how it works before you can fully understand the causes and the differences of the two types. When you eat your stomach breaks down the food into the glucose when this happens your blood stream contains increased glucose amounts which then causes the brain to send a signal to activate pancreas to increase the insulin production. Insulin is what connects to a site on the cell called the insulin receptor site to open a passage for the cell can obtain the sugar to produce energy to fulfill the functions of our survival. For the Insulin to get to your cells they flow through the veins to reach the cells, along with the glucose. If you didn't know the Insulin is a Catalyst; a activation agent that helps the function to use less energy to speed up the process. The process we just looked at is the normal process of our body, the body can also be considered normal with Pre-Diabetes which is a high count of Glucose and low Insulin but not enough to be a form of the disorder. picture: The Abnormal Regularity of Glucose; Cause of Type 1 & 2 For the understanding of the abnormal regulation you need to understand the normal regulation of glucose. To start we look at the cell we see the the Insulin receptor, now we see the insulin trying to connect but the Insulin is Insufficient this is called Type 1. This trait is a passe Continue reading >>

Iddm2 - Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus 2

Welcome! If you are familiar with the subject of this article, you can contribute to this open access knowledge base by deleting incorrect information, restructuring or completely rewriting any text. Read more. The IDDM-2 group reported increased psychological distress, as reflected by increased dysphoric or depressive symptoms, trait anxiety, perceived stress, and cynical hostility, as well as decreased optimism and interpersonal, but not family, social support [6]. CONCLUSIONS: Disordered eating behavior is common and persistent in young women with IDDM and is associated with impaired metabolic control and a higher risk of diabetic retinopathy [7]. We studied 20 IDDM patients with brittle disease; despite use of a four-injection regimen with manipulation of insulin doses, diet, and physical activity, and frequent clinic visits for at least a year, these patients still had wide swings in blood glucose and frequent hypoglycaemic reactions [8]. Electrophysiological or psychometric abnormalities were not clearly correlated with the duration of IDDM or the degree of short-term metabolic control [9]. A novel subtype of type 1 diabetes mellitus characterized by a rapid onset and an absence of diabetes-related antibodies. Osaka IDDM Study Group [10]. This finding provides a plausible explanation for the dominant protective effect of class III VNTRs, and suggests that diabetes susceptibility and resistance associated with IDDM2 may derive from the VNTR influence on INS transcription in the thymus [12]. It has been proposed that negatively charged aspartic acid at position 57 of the HLA-DQ beta-chain determines resistance to development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), whereas genetic susceptibility to IDDM correlates with a neutral amino acid residue [15]. Diabet Continue reading >>

Diabetes: Definition, Causes And Symptoms

What is diabetes? Diabetes is a disease that affects your body’s ability to produce or use insulin. Insulin is a hormone. When your body turns the food you eat into energy (also called sugar or glucose), insulin is released to help transport this energy to the cells. Insulin acts as a “key.” Its chemical message tells the cell to open and receive glucose. If you produce little or no insulin, or are insulin resistant, too much sugar remains in your blood. Blood glucose levels are higher than normal for individuals with diabetes. There are two main types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2. What is Type 1 diabetes? When you are affected with Type 1 diabetes, your pancreas does not produce insulin. Type 1 diabetes is also called juvenile diabetes, since it is often diagnosed in children or teens. This type accounts for 5-10 percent of people with diabetes. What is Type 2 diabetes? Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body does not produce enough insulin, or when the cells are unable to use insulin properly, which is called insulin resistance. Type 2 diabetes is commonly called “adult-onset diabetes” since it is diagnosed later in life, generally after the age of 45. 90-95 percent of people with diabetes have this type. In recent years Type 2 diabetes has been diagnosed in younger people, including children, more frequently than in the past. Are there other forms of diabetes? Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy and affects about 18 percent of all pregnancies, according to the American Diabetes Association. Gestational diabetes usually goes away after pregnancy, but once you've had gestational diabetes, your chances are higher that it will happen in future pregnancies. In some women pregnancy uncovers Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes and these women will need to continue d Continue reading >>

Diabetes: Symptoms, Causes And Treatments

Diabetes, often referred to by doctors as diabetes mellitus, describes a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood glucose (blood sugar), either because insulin production is inadequate, or because the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, or both. Patients with high blood sugar will typically experience polyuria (frequent urination), they will become increasingly thirsty (polydipsia) and hungry (polyphagia). Here are some key points about diabetes. More detail and supporting information is in the main article. Diabetes is a long-term condition that causes high blood sugar levels. In 2013 it was estimated that over 382 million people throughout the world had diabetes (Williams textbook of endocrinology). Type 1 Diabetes - the body does not produce insulin. Approximately 10% of all diabetes cases are type 1. Type 2 Diabetes - the body does not produce enough insulin for proper function. Approximately 90% of all cases of diabetes worldwide are of this type. Gestational Diabetes - this type affects females during pregnancy. The most common diabetes symptoms include frequent urination, intense thirst and hunger, weight gain, unusual weight loss, fatigue, cuts and bruises that do not heal, male sexual dysfunction, numbness and tingling in hands and feet. If you have Type 1 and follow a healthy eating plan, do adequate exercise, and take insulin, you can lead a normal life. Type 2 patients need to eat healthily, be physically active, and test their blood glucose. They may also need to take oral medication, and/or insulin to control blood glucose levels. As the risk of cardiovascular disease is much higher for a diabetic, it is crucial that blood pressure and cholesterol levels are monitored regularly. As smoking might have a serious effect on c Continue reading >>

Type 3 Diabetes Attacks Your Brain?

Most of us have heard about type 1 or type 2 diabetes, but Type 3 diabetes barely puts a blip on the radar. Although discovered in 2005, this new condition is just beginning to pop up on the headlines of today’s science and medical news journals. Lay people still have a lot to learn. When it comes to type 3 diabetes, Wikipedia doesn’t even have the answers. The relatively new discovery of the disease leaves people concerned about their health searching for answers. Read on for a quick primer on diabetes mellitus 3 and how it may be affecting your health or the health of your loved ones. Type 3 Diabetes: What is it? During a study conducted at the Rhode Island Hospital and Brown Medical School, researchers made a groundbreaking discovery: the hormone insulin was not just produced by the pancreas as previously thought. After careful study of their subjects, the researchers discovered that the brain was also responsible to producing small amounts of insulin. This discovery led to several more important revelations. One of those revelations was the discovery of insulin’s effect on the brain. One of those effects on the brain is the development of diabetes mellitus 3. Type 3 diabetes is a condition where the brain does not produce enough insulin. In the absence of insulin, the brain is affected much the way the body is in type 1 or type 2 diabetes. In fact, diabetes mellitus 3 only occurs in people who have either type 1 or type 2 diabetes already. Type 3 Diabetes: Alzheimer’s in Disguise Diabetes mellitus 3 is also known as brain diabetes. This is because the brain requires insulin to form new memories. Receptors on the brain’s synapses help facilitate the communication that creates new memories. The insulin produced by the brain wards off amyloid beta-derived dif Continue reading >>

Starbucks Vs Type 1 Diabetes

Starbucks vs Diabetics When for looking for something to snack on (not a whole meal), most students on campus go to either book ‘n’ Bites or more likely the Starbucks in the union. While the Frappuccinos and Macchiatos are delicious, they contain an unbelievable amount of carbohydrates. And calories. However, people not only order drinks, but Starbucks offers a variety of different pastries, sandwiches and desserts. All of which are scrumptious and ranging from red velvet cupcakes to Coffee cake. However, these tasty treats are not for everyone. People who suffer from type 1 Diabetes, like myself, it is not an option to just run into Starbucks and just grab something. Almost all of the food options are an average of around 60 or higher grams of carbohydrates for one item of food. For example, the reduced fat banana chocolate chip coffee cake contains 79 grams of carbohydrates, this would usually equal out to 5.26 units of insulin, which would be needed to given. While in the hospital learning about diabetes when I was first diagnosed, I learned that those 5 units are usually what a diabetic should cover one whole meal. They also have no low-carbohydrates or whole-wheat options for the sandwiches or pastries, there are no options that aren’t covered in icing or loaded with sugar. Of course no one would just go into a Starbucks and only order something to eat, a drink is always a must. Starbucks’ most popular and delicious drink is their Frappuccinos, a blended iced beverage. When I looked up the nutrition facts for these drinks, none where available except the Caramel Brule Frappuccino, which is not sold at the SUNY Geneseo Starbucks location. It contained an additional 63-gram of carbohydrates and 300 calories. While the traditional espresso and other beverage r Continue reading >>