Diabetes Mellitus In Twins: A Cooperative Study In Japan - Sciencedirect
Volume 5, Issue 4 , 14 October 1988, Pages 271-280 Get rights and content In 1984, the Japan Diabetes Society organized a committee to collect data on diabetic twins in Japan. Within 3 years, through correspondence with Society members and hospitals, the Committee had contacted 87 pairs of twins, one or both of which had diabetes mellitus or glucose intolerance. Sixty-three pairs were monozygotic and 24 dizygotic. The probands, who had been diagnosed as diabetic or glucose-intolerant earlier, included 21 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), 56 with non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM), one with an unknown type of diabetes, and nine with glucose intolerance. Concordance between monozygotic twins was 45% for IDDM and 83% for NIDDM; between dizygotic twins, concordance was 0% (0/10) for IDDM and 40% (4/10) for NIDDM. Concordance was significantly greater in NIDDM than in IDDM, and in monozygotic than in dizygotic twins. Concordance was greater among twins in which one twin had developed diabetes after the age of 20 than among twins in which the age of onset had been earlier. There was no evidence that the period of discordance was shorter in the discordant pairs than in the concordant pairs. About 90% of the IDDM twin pairs lived together, against 20% of the NIDDM pairs, probably due to the later age of onset of NIDDM. The frequency of diabetes in family members other than the twins was higher in NIDDM than in IDDM regardless of concordance. In concordant pairs the presence or absence of various complications agreed in 6897%; a few pairs were discordant for the severity of retinopathy, which may have resulted from differences in duration and hyperglycemic degree. A 75-g glucose tolerance test administered to the normal discordant twins revealed bord Continue reading >>
- Assistance dog Molly trained to detect when twins' glucose levels become unstable during class
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Twins And Endocrinology
Twins are two independent babies delivered during the same pregnancy and are divided as monozygotic or dizygotic based on their origin. Dizygotic twins are similar to two siblings and have different genetic information. In contrary, monozygotic twins have a similar genetic identity and provide a unique opportunity to evaluate the contribution of genetic and environmental factors of the disease. The endocrine and metabolic disorders affect a large number of the population including the twins. Diabetes, obesity, and autoimmune thyroid disease are the most common endocrine disorders in general practice. It is essential to understand the genetic basis of endocrine disorders for therapy, prognostication and risk assessment for future generations. In this article, we review the endocrine disorders in relation to their occurrence in monozygotic twins to highlight the genetic and environmental contribution. The snippet could not be located in the article text. This may be because the snippet appears in a figure legend, contains special characters or spans different sections of the article. Department of Endocrinology, Command Hospital, Chandimandir, Haryana, India 1Department of Endocrinology, CARE Hospitals, Hyderabad, Telangana, India Corresponding Author: Dr. K. V. S. Hari Kumar, Department of Endocrinology, Command Hospital, Chandimandir, Haryana, India. E-mail: [email protected] Author information Copyright and License information Copyright : Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This article has been c Continue reading >>
- Assistance dog Molly trained to detect when twins' glucose levels become unstable during class
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Genetics Of Type 2 Diabetes
Until recently the genetic variation and genes involved in type 2 diabetes were very poorly characterised. Traditionally genetic studies focused on the collection and characterisation of multi-generation families but type 2 diabetes occurs in older age, making the collection of affected families difficult – the parents of most patients have died and most offspring have yet to develop the condition. Furthermore the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes over one or two generations proves that the changing environment has a strong role to play in type 2 diabetes risk – gene frequencies do not change appreciably in 1 or 2 generations, and certainly not those that influence a disease of largely post reproductive age. Two major developments mean that we now know of 65 regions of the human genome that influence type 2 diabetes risk. First, in 2007 genome wide association studies (GWAS) became possible. These studies provided scientists with the ability to analyse 100,000s of single nucleotide variants (the simplest and most abundant type of DNA marker) in a single experiment. Second, scientists realised that they would have to work together and combine case-control studies to achieve the very large sample sizes that provided adequate statistical power to identify the subtle effects of common genetic risk factors. These developments have resulted in the latest study of 35,000 European type 2 diabetes cases and 115,000 controls.[1] History and heritability of type 2 diabetes genetics. Before trying to identify genes, geneticists tend to perform twin or family studies in attempts to quantify the relative contributions of genes (heritability) and environment. Comparing disease concordance in identical twins to same sex non-identical twins is a powerful approach. However, th Continue reading >>
The Genetics Of Diabetes
Why me? How did I deserve this? Am I to blame? These are questions that many people ask when diagnosed with a serious condition or disease. Unfortunately, there’s no clear-cut answer when it comes to diabetes. Unlike some traits, diabetes doesn’t seem to be inherited in a simple pattern, and there is a lot of misinformation out there about its causes. (Have you ever had to explain that diabetes doesn’t happen because someone ate too much sugar?) It’s apparent, though, that some people are born more likely to develop diabetes than others. We know that type 1 and type 2 diabetes have different causes, but genetics plays an important role in both types. People with diabetes inherit a predisposition to the disease, then something in their environment triggers it. Identical twins are proof that genes alone are not enough, however. Identical twins have identical genes; therefore, they should have the same genetic risk for a disease—right? Not necessarily. Research has found that if one identical twin has type 1 diabetes, the other twin will get the disease about 50 percent of the time. For type 2 diabetes, that risk rises to as much as 4 in 5. In both type 1 and type 2, identical twins have a much higher risk of both developing diabetes than non-identical (fraternal) twins, which further supports the fact that genetics is involved. So what are the causes of type 1 diabetes? Again, we know that genetics is involved. We also know that it’s not just one gene responsible, but many different genes, each of which contributes only a small part of the risk. Scientists have identified a few genes responsible for type 1, but the majority of the genetic risk is still unidentified. Because of the data about identical twins, we know that type 1 diabetes doesn’t arise solely Continue reading >>
- The Genetics of Diabetes
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Genetics
("What are the odds of my getting diabetes?")* If your mother has Type 1 diabetes, you have a 3% risk of developing Type 1 diabetes. If your father has Type 1 diabetes, you have a 6% risk of developing Type 1 diabetes. If both your parents have Type 1 diabetes, you have a 30% risk of developing Type 1 diabetes. If your brother or sister has Type 1 diabetes, you have a 5% risk of developing Type 1 diabetes. If your non-identical twin has Type 1 diabetes, you have a 20% risk of developing Type 1 diabetes. If your identical twin has Type 1 diabetes, you have a 35% risk of developing Type 1 diabetes.** If there is no family history of diabetes, you have a 0.2% risk of developing Type 1 diabetes (by the age of 20). If your mother or father has Type 2 diabetes, you have a 15% risk of developing Type 2 diabetes. If both your parents have Type 2 diabetes, you have a 75% risk of developing Type 2 diabetes. If your brother or sister has Type 2 diabetes, you have a 10% risk of developing Type 2 diabetes. If your non-identical twin has Type 2 diabetes, you have a 10% risk of developing Type 2 diabetes. If your identical twin has Type 2 diabetes, you have a 90% risk of developing Type 2 diabetes. *These figures are approximations. Quite different estimates of risk show up on different studies from different parts of the world. The estimates listed above are most applicable to North America. Also (and importantly), remember that at least for type 2 diabetes these risks can be substantially reduced by appropriate intervention with diet, exercise, weight control,and sometimes, with medication. **Can you think of a better illustration of the fact that type 1 diabetes is clearly a mixture of both genetic susceptibility and environmental trigger? If it was all genetic then, if your ident Continue reading >>
Reanalysis Of Twin Studies Suggests That Diabetes Is Mainly Genetic
Reanalysis of twin studies suggests that diabetes is mainly genetic Reanalysis of twin studies suggests that diabetes is mainly genetic BMJ 2001; 323 doi: (Published 27 October 2001) Cite this as: BMJ 2001;323:997 Edwin A M Gale, professor ([email protected]), Jacob S Petersen, head of islet discovery research Diabetes/Metabolism, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CL 80262, USA Genetic Epidemiology Research Unit, Institute of Community Health, Odense University, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark Novo Nordisk, Novo Alle (1KO3), 2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark EDITORTwo twin studies of type 1 diabetes have reached opposite conclusions. In one, a population based cohort of Danish twins in which one or both cotwins had type 1 diabetes was studied for the presence of islet autoantibodies.1 High rates of autoantibody positivity were identified in twins with and without diabetes. Since positivity did not differ between the monozygotic and dizygotic twins it was suggested that a shared intrauterine or early postnatal environment might be more important than genetic factors. The second study found that the prevalence of islet autoantibodies was lower in initially unaffected dizygotic twins than monozygotic twins and did not differ from that found in unaffected non-twin siblings. The authors concluded that islet autoimmunity is determined predominantly Continue reading >>
Genetic Basis For Type 1 Diabetes | British Medical Bulletin | Oxford Academic
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing -cells in the pancreas resulting from the action of environmental factors on genetically predisposed individuals. The increasing incidence over recent decades remains unexplained, but the capacity of identifying infants at highest genetic risk has become an increasing requirement for potential therapeutic intervention trials. Literature searches on T1D and genes were carried out, and key papers since the 1970s were highlighted for inclusion in this review. Early genetic studies identified the most important region for genetic susceptibility to T1Dthe human leukocyte antigen genes on chromosome 6; later shown to contribute approximately half of the genetic determination of T1D. The other half is made up of multiple genes, each having a limited individual impact on genetic susceptibility. Historically, there have been many controversial genetic associations with T1D, mostly caused by underpowered casecontrol studies but these are now decreasing in frequency. The functional effect of each gene associated with T1D must be investigated to determine its usefulness both in risk assessment and as a potential therapeutic target. Recently identified copy number variants in DNA and epigenetic modifications (heritable changes not associated with changes in the DNA sequence) are also likely to play a role in genetic susceptibility to T1D. type 1 diabetes , genes , HLA class II , islet autoantibodies The immune system protects by being able to specifically differentiate between host cells and infectious agents. In autoimmunity, however, this system breaks down: for instance, in type 1 diabetes (T1D), insulin-producing -cells are subjects to specific attack by the host immune system. T1D is often co Continue reading >>
- Practical Approach to Using Trend Arrows on the Dexcom G5 CGM System for the Management of Adults With Diabetes | Journal of the Endocrine Society | Oxford Academic
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Clinical & Translational Immunology - Type 1 Diabetes Genome-wide Association Studies: Not To Be Lost In Translation
Citation: Clinical & Translational Immunology (2017) 6, e162; doi:10.1038/cti.2017.51 Type 1 diabetes genome-wide association studies: not to be lost in translation 1Department of Pediatrics, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark 2Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark 3Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark Correspondence: Professor F Pociot, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Niels Steensensvej 2, Gentofte 2820, Denmark. E-mail: [email protected] Received 30August2017; Revised 15October2017; Accepted 16October2017 Genetic studies have identified >60 loci associated with the risk of developing type 1 diabetes (T1D). The vast majority of these are identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using large casecontrol cohorts of European ancestry. More than 80% of the heritability of T1D can be explained by GWAS data in this population group. However, with few exceptions, their individual contribution to T1D risk is low and understanding their function in disease biology remains a huge challenge. GWAS on its own does not inform us in detail on disease mechanisms, but the combination of GWAS data with other omics-data is beginning to advance our understanding of T1D etiology and pathogenesis. Current knowledge supports the notion that genetic variation in both pancreatic cells and in immune cells is central in mediating T1D risk. Advances, perspectives and limitations of GWAS are discussed in this review. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic immune-mediated disease causing attrition and death of the insulin-producing pancreatic cells, resulting in a life-long requirement for exogenous insulin. The progressive loss of cells is mainly owing to autoimmune inflamm Continue reading >>
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Bond Of Brothers: Teen Researchers Tackle Type 1
They studied at Oxford and conducted diabetes research at Harvard and Yale, yet Jake and Michael Carrion made their greatest impact when they ventured into independent research. The brothers eventually pinpointed specific genes that likely regulate the autoimmune response that causes type 1 diabetes . Then in June 2016, the siblings graduated from high school and turned 18. Identical twins from Jericho, New York, Michael and Jake have much in common: brown hair, green eyes, traveling soccer, debate club, student government, stellar GPAs, lofty scores on college entrance exams, and an immense appetite for diabetes research. Their commitment to science has opened doors and impressed scientists at leading research centers. The level of their work is beyond their age, says Li Wen, MD, PhD, senior research scientist in internal medicine at Yale School of Medicine. Its at least graduate level, almost PhD level. Diane Mathis, PhD, professor of microbiology and immunobiology at Harvard Medical School, says: Theyre bright and knowledgeable and ask really interesting questions. High school students with their knowledge of type 1 diabetes are very rare.So rare, in fact, that a publisher of peer-reviewed medical and scientific journals asked them to review articlesan honor usually reserved for scientists with a string of credentials after their names, not teens still needing parental permission. Their passion for research was sparked by their greatest difference. Jake has had type 1 diabetes since age 4; Michael doesnt have it. At age 13, they learned that type 1 has a genetic component. They were perplexed. How can we share all of our genes and one of us have this lifelong disease and the other one be perfectly fine? Jake remembers thinking. To learn about type 1 diabetes, the br Continue reading >>
Type 2 Diabetes Clues Revealed From Study Of Identical Twins
Follow all of ScienceDaily's latest research news and top science headlines ! Type 2 diabetes clues revealed from study of identical twins By studying identical twins, researchers have identified mechanisms that could be behind the development of type 2 diabetes. This may explain cases where one identical twin develops type 2 diabetes while the other remains healthy. By studying identical twins, researchers from Lund University in Sweden have identified mechanisms that could be behind the development of type 2 diabetes. This may explain cases where one identical twin develops type 2 diabetes while the other remains healthy. The study involved 14 pairs of identical twins in Sweden and Denmark. One twin had type 2 diabetes and the other was healthy. "Twins are a good model for finding mechanisms, but the results are applicable to all," said Emma Nilsson, who carried out the study with Charlotte Ling. We know that fat tissue can release hormones and regulate metabolism in different organs in the body. The question the researchers posed was whether epigenetic changes in the DNA lead to changes in the fat tissue that in turn can lead to the development of type 2 diabetes. The researchers investigated DNA methylation at 480,000 points on the DNA and looked at how it affected the expression of the genes in the identical twins. They found that genes that are involved in inflammation were up-regulated and that genes involved in the fat and glucose metabolism were down-regulated in those who had diabetes. "This means that they are not able to process fat as well, which leads to raised levels of fat in the blood and uptake of fat by other organs instead, such as the muscles, liver or pancreas. This causes insulin resistance, which leads to type 2 diabetes," said Emma Nilsson. The Continue reading >>
Concordance For Type 1 Diabetes In Identical Twins Is Affected By Insulin Genotype.
Concordance for type 1 diabetes in identical twins is affected by insulin genotype. Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, St Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London, UK. Monozygotic twins are usually discordant (only one twin affected) for type 1 diabetes. Discordance for disease between such twins implies a role for nongenetically determined factors but could also be influenced by a decreased load of diabetes susceptibility genes. The aim of this study was to determine whether two susceptibility genes were less prevalent in discordant twins compared with concordant twins. We studied 77 monozygotic twin pairs (INS), 40 concordant and 37 discordant, for type 1 diabetes at polymorphism of the insulin gene region on chromosome 11 p and HLA-DQBI. The disease-associated INS genotype (Hph I) was identified in 87.5% of the concordant twins but only in 59.5% (P = 0.005) of the discordant twins. Neither DQB1*0201 nor DQB1*0302 was seen in 2 of 40 (5%) concordant twins compared with 8 of 37 (22%) discordant twins (P = 0.04). No statistical differences were seen between concordant and discordant twins at individual alleles of DQB1. Combining insulin and DQ data, 5% of concordant twins compared with 32.4% of discordant twins had neither DQB1*0201/DQB1*0302 nor the high-risk Hph I INS "++" genotype (P = 0.002). We conclude that the possession of the high-risk Hph I insulin genotype increases the likelihood of identical twins being concordant for type 1 diabetes and that the "load" of both major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and non-MHC susceptibility genes has an impact on the disease penetrance of type 1 diabetes. Continue reading >>
- Assistance dog Molly trained to detect when twins' glucose levels become unstable during class
- Relative contribution of type 1 and type 2 diabetes loci to the genetic etiology of adult-onset, non-insulin-requiring autoimmune diabetes
- Relative effectiveness of insulin pump treatment over multiple daily injections and structured education during flexible intensive insulin treatment for type 1 diabetes: cluster randomised trial (REPOSE)
Which Type Of Diabetes Is More Likely To Be Inherited And Why?
Question: Which type of diabetes is more likely to be inherited and why? Answer: Type 1 diabetes typically occurs in childhood, while type 2 diabetes usually develops in adults. However, some adults develop a form of diabetes that looks very similar to type 1 diabetes, and now with the huge increase in obesity, many children and adolescents are getting type 2 diabetes. Now, both type 1 and type 2 diabetes have a genetic component; that means of course, that they tend to run in families. However, we often regard diseases that develop in childhood as being more likely to be due to genetics. But this is not the case for diabetes, and in fact, studies show that type 2, which mostly commonly develops in adulthood, seems to have a greater genetic basis than the childhood form of type 1 diabetes. For example, as you know, identical twins share 100 percent of their genetic material; however, if one twin has type 1 diabetes, the chance of that the other twin will develop it is only 10 to 20 percent. In contrast, if one twin has type 2, or the adult form of diabetes, the other twin has up to a 90 percent chance of developing type 2 diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, we know that overeating and lack of physical activity are very important contributors. Meanwhile, for type 1 diabetes, it's more the exposure to toxins in the environment, possibly viruses, and other external factors that can increase risk to this form of diabetes. Next: What Is The Risk That A Child Will Develop Diabetes If One Or Both Parents Are Diabetic? Previous: What Are The Meanings and Significance Of These Terms Related To Diabetes: 'Beta Cells,' 'Islets,' 'Glucagon,' and 'Amylin'? Continue reading >>
Genetics Of Type 1 Diabetes
1Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO *Address correspondence to this author at: Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Mail Stop A140, PO Box 6511, Aurora, CO 80045-6511. Fax 303-724-6779; [email protected] The publisher's final edited version of this article is available free at Clin Chem See other articles in PMC that cite the published article. Type 1 diabetes, a multifactorial disease with a strong genetic component, is caused by the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic cells. The major susceptibility locus maps to the HLA class II genes at 6p21, although more than 40 non-HLA susceptibility gene markers have been confirmed. Although HLA class II alleles account for up to 30%50% of genetic type 1 diabetes risk, multiple non-MHC loci contribute to disease risk with smaller effects. These include the insulin, PTPN22, CTLA4, IL2RA, IFIH1, and other recently discovered loci. Genomewide association studies performed with high-density single-nucleotidepolymorphism genotyping platforms have provided evidence for a number of novel loci, although fine mapping and characterization of these new regions remain to be performed. Children born with the high-risk genotype HLADR3/4-DQ8 comprise almost 50% of children who develop antiislet autoimmunity by the age of 5 years. Genetic risk for type 1 diabetes can be further stratified by selection of children with susceptible genotypes at other diabetes genes, by selection of children with a multiple family history of diabetes, and/or by selection of relatives that are HLA identical to the proband. Children with the HLA-risk genotypes DR3/4-DQ8 or DR4/DR4 who have a family history of type 1 diabetes have more than a 1 in 5 risk for developin Continue reading >>
A Handy Guide To Ancestry And Relationship Dna Tests
If I am a type 1 diabetic (since 25 years) - what is the probability that due to genetic transformation my child/children could be diabetics too? Is it true that type 1 diabetics are genetically inherited from ancestors or is it a combination of factors? -A curious adult from California Type 1 diabetes happens because of a combination of factors. It is partly genetic. But the environment plays a role too. We know that if one parent has Type 1 diabetes, then each child is 10 times more likely to get Type 1 diabetes too. This might sound scary, but the actual risk of getting Type 1 diabetes isn't that high. The average person has around a 1 in 200 chance of developing Type 1 diabetes. So if you have a parent with it, your chances become around 1 in 20. Or in other words, you have a 5% chance of also becoming diabetic. Now this doesn't give you a lot of information about your specific situation. That 5% is made up of a large group of people. Some have a much higher risk and some have a much lower risk. This information does tell us that genes are almost certainly involved in Type 1 diabetes. But other information tells us they aren't the whole story. One way we know this is because of identical twin studies. Identical twins have the same set of genes. So if a disease were just due to genes, when one twin has it, then the other would always have it too. But this is not the case with Type I diabetes. If one twin has it, the other twin gets it less than 50% of the time. There must be something else going on here. Most likely something from the environment needs to trigger the development of Type I diabetes. Genes make that trigger more or less likely to cause the disease. Scientists are hard at work trying to figure out what these environmental triggers are and what genes are Continue reading >>
What Twins Can Tell Us About The Causes Of Diabetes
Stacey Divone sees double every time she looks in the mirror. She’s the slightly older of a pair of identical twins born on Christmas Eve 1976, and when she was just 5 years old, Stacey -- just like her father -- was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. Thirty-five years later, her genetic double is still diabetes-free. “It fascinates me that we share 100% of the same genes, developed in the exact same womb and grew up in the exact same environment, eating the exact same things, having the same father who had type 1 -- yet one of us has (T1D) and the other doesn’t," Stacey says. "The human body is a mysterious thing sometimes.” So how common is it for one identical twin to have diabetes, and the other not to? The first line of the first study I dug into to answer that question read, “Monozygotic twins are usually discordant for type 1 diabetes.” Let me translate that into English for you: When it comes to identical twins, usually only one gets diabetes. How many sets of twins both have diabetes? About a third, according to the literature. If your identical twin (should you have one) has type 1 diabetes, your risk for developing type 1 yourself is “only” 35%. That's still a pretty high risk -- and there plenty of stories about twins sharing diabetes, like Amylia Grace Yeaman and her sister in Iowa, Ashley and Emily in Pennsylvania, and the Tale of Two Twins in Massachusetts -- but it’s by no means a slam-dunk, and two-thirds of sets of identical twins have a D-sibling and a sugar-normal sibling. Despite the scientific knowledge that type 1 is basically genetic, diabetes researchers have long known that identical twins don’t have the identical risk of developing type 1 diabetes; and this fact has long fueled theories of environmental causes as the root sour Continue reading >>
