Isolation And Antibiotic Susceptibility Of Bacteria From Foot Infections In The Patients With Diabetes Mellitus Type I And Type Ii In The District Of Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India
Kannan Iyanar, Premavathy R. K., Sambandam Cecilia, Jayalakshmi M., Sruthi Priyadarsini S., Shantha S. Abstract Background:Diabetic foot infections are important cause of morbidity and mortality among persons with diabetes mellitus. The reported prevalence rates in India range from 0.9–8.3%. Diabetes foot lesions are the leading cause of non-traumatic amputations worldwide. A study has been conducted to isolate and find the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the bacteria from diabetic foot infections from the patients of Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu, India. Methods:Sixty patients previously diagnosed or newly diagnosed as diabetic, presented with lower extremity infection attending Tagore medical college and hospital and its peripheral centres were selected for the study. Various specimens (pus, wound exudates, or tissues biopsy) for microbiological studies were obtained from the infected region. The specimens were cultured on blood agar and MacConkey agar for aerobic / facultative anaerobic organisms and on Neomycin Blood Agar for anaerobic organism. The plates were then incubated at 37°C. For anaerobic culture the plates were incubated in the McIntosh anaerobic jar. Isolates obtained are identified by standard laboratory techniques. Results:The result showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa (48.3%) is the predominant bacterium followed by Staphylococcus aureus (38%) and other bacteria. The anaerobic bacteria are also isolated from the diabetic foot ulcers. The Peptostreptococcus species (26.7%) are the predominant bacteria followed by other bacteria. Further the results showed that 22 patients (37%) showed the multi-bacterial infection and remaining 38 patients (63%) showed mono bacterial infection. The drugs like amikacin, cefepine, ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole Continue reading >>
Diabetes Mellitus
The destructive inflammatory processes that define periodontal disease are closely intertwined with diabetes. Persons with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) are three times more likely to develop periodontal disease than nondiabetic individuals. Add smoking to the mix, and the chances of developing periodontitis with loss of tooth-supporting bone are 20 times higher. An increased risk for destructive periodontal disease also holds for persons with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Much of what is known about the periodontal complications of diabetes has been learned from the Pima Indians of Arizona, who have the highest reported rates of NIDDM in the world. NIDCR-supported research in the Pima community has shown that periodontal infection is more prevalent, more severe, and develops at an earlier age in this population than in nondiabetic persons. As diabetes increases in severity, the rate at which vital tooth-anchoring bone is lost accelerates. Pima Indians with NIDDM are 15 times more likely to be edentulous than those without diabetes. Now there is evidence that a history of chronic periodontal disease can disrupt diabetic control, suggesting that periodontal infections may have systemic repercussions. The exact nature of this complex relationship is not clear. It is likely, however, that increased genetic susceptibility to infection, impaired host response, and the excessive production of collagenase found in periodontal disease may all play important roles in NIDDM. Similarities in the etiology of periodontal and other complications of diabetes have also emerged. Studies have shown, for example, that hyperglycemia is the common basis for diabetic complications in the eyes, kidneys, and nerves. Glucose in high concentrations attaches to othe Continue reading >>
How Sweet It Is? Susceptibility To Diabetes Mellitus In Hiv-1 Treatment
Treatment of HIV-1 infection with combined antiretroviral therapy substantially improves survival and quality of life, but is associated with metabolic disturbances such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and body fat partitioning disorders. These metabolic complications in the setting of suppression of viral replication are associated with increased observed risk for Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Disorders of glucose metabolism present additional challenges in the management of HIV infection, including the long-term complications of hyperglycemia, such as nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy, and magnified cardiovascular risk. This article considers how HIV infection and its treatment increases susceptibility to disorders of glucose metabolism. Diagnostic criteria, historical and clinical antecedents that assist the clinician in detection of diabetes susceptibility and treatment objectives are discussed. Medscape: Continuing Medical Education Online This activity has been planned and implemented in accordance with the Essential Areas and policies of the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education through the joint sponsorship of MedscapeCME and Future Medicine Ltd. MedscapeCME is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) to provide continuing medical education for physicians. MedscapeCME designates this educational activity for a maximum of 0.75 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Physicians should only claim credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity. All other clinicians completing this activity will be issued a certificate of participation. To participate in this journal CME activity: (1) review the learning objectives and author disclosures; (2) study the education content; (3) take the po Continue reading >>
Diabetes And The Risk Of Infection-related Mortality In The U.s.
Abstract OBJECTIVE—To determine whether diabetes predicts infection-related mortality and to clarify the extent to which this relationship is mediated by comorbid conditions that may themselves increase risk of infection. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We performed a retrospective cohort study using the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Mortality Study of 9,208 adults aged 30–74 years in 1976–1980. We defined demographic variables, diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and smoking by self-report; BMI, blood pressure, and serum cholesterol from baseline examination; and cause-specific mortality from death certificates. RESULTS—Over 12–16 years of follow-up, 36 infection-related deaths occurred among 533 adults with diabetes vs. 265 deaths in 8,675 adults without diabetes (4.7 vs. 1.5 per 1,000 person-years, P < 0.001). Diabetes (RR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2–3.2) and congestive heart failure (2.8, 1.6–5.1) were independent predictors of infection-related mortality after simultaneous adjustment for age, sex, race, poverty status, smoking, BMI, and hypertension. After subdividing infection-related deaths into those with (n = 145) and without (n = 156) concurrent cardiovascular diagnoses at the time of death, diabetic adults were at risk for infection-related death with CVD (3.0, 1.8–5.0) but not without CVD (1.0, 0.5–2.2). CONCLUSIONS—These nationally representative data suggest that diabetic adults are at greater risk for infection-related mortality, and the excess risk may be mediated by CVD. Although diabetes is widely believed to predispose serious infection and the experimental literature supports an association between diabetes and infection, reviews of this topic have concluded that strong epidemiological evidence linking diabetes to Continue reading >>
The Association Between Diabetes Mellitus And Incident Infections: A Systematic Review And Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies
Objective To quantify the association between diabetes and the risk of incident infections by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis. Research design and methods Two reviewers independently screened articles identified from PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, IPA, and Web of Science databases. Cohort studies (CS) or case–control studies (CCS) evaluating the incidence of infections in adults with diabetes were included. Infections were classified as: skin and soft tissue, respiratory, blood, genitourinary, head and neck, gastrointestinal, bone, viral, and non-specified infections. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Summary crude and adjusted OR with 95% CIs were calculated using random effects models, stratified by study design. Heterogeneity was measured using the I2statistic and explored using subgroup analyses. Results A total of 345 (243 CS and 102 CCS) studies were included. Combining adjusted results from all CS, diabetes was associated with an increased incidence of skin (OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.78 to 2.12), respiratory (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.28 to 1.43), blood (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.48 to 2.00), genitourinary (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.42 to 1.82), head and neck (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.22), gastrointestinal (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.40 to 1.57), viral (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.46), and non-specified (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.66 to 2.04) infections. A stronger association was observed among CCS: skin (OR 2.64, 95% CI 2.20 to 3.17), respiratory (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.37 to 1.92), blood (OR 2.40, 95% CI 1.68 to 3.42), genitourinary (OR 2.59, 95% CI 1.60 to 4.17), gastrointestinal (OR 3.61, 95% CI 2.94 to 4.43), and non-specified (OR 3.53, 95% CI 2.62 to 4.75). Conclusion Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of multiple types of infections Continue reading >>
- Relation of total sugars, fructose and sucrose with incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
- Olive oil in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies and intervention trials
- Influence of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus on periodontal tissues during orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review of animal studies
Hygiene Behavior In Persons With Type 2 Diabetes
To the Editor: Hygiene behavior is the sum of regular practices and behaviors associated with the prevention of infection transmission.1 There are safe, effective, and cost-effective methods of reducing and preventing the spread of communicable diseases.2 Such behavior protects individuals against exposure to bacterial and viral infections. Good hygiene behavior is the most effective way to prevent the spread of communicable disease by interrupting the transmission of microorganisms that cause infection both in the community and in health care settings. Hygiene promotion empowers people to prevent disease.3 Poor hygiene is one of the important behavioral risk factors contributing to the global burden of diseases.4 Collecting accurate information on hygiene practices is challenging.5 Therefore good hygiene behavior must be acknowledged. Good hygiene behavior is an issue of concern for persons with type 2 diabetes. Patients with type 2 diabetes are immune-compromised and therefore have a higher susceptibility to infections and sepsis.6 Diabetes seems to be an independent risk factor for bacterial infections, including selected types of (rare) infections.7 Maintaining a high level of hygiene behavior will minimize the chances of developing infections. The hygiene behavior of persons with type 2 diabetes has not been well studied to date. The aim of our study was to examine the level of hygiene behavior among persons with type 2 diabetes followed in a diabetes outpatient clinic. The results could be used by health care professionals as a guide to adopting and promoting appropriate measures to improve the hygiene behavior of patients with type 2 diabetes. We performed a descriptive study at the University Research and Practice Hospital in Kocaeli, Turkey, during October 2013 Continue reading >>
- This Everyday Hygiene Habit Could Up Your Risk For Diabetes
- Incidence of End-Stage Renal Disease Attributed to Diabetes Among Persons with Diagnosed Diabetes United States and Puerto Rico, 20002014
- Exercise and Glucose Metabolism in Persons with Diabetes Mellitus: Perspectives on the Role for Continuous Glucose Monitoring
What Infections Are You At Risk For With Diabetes?
People with diabetes are more susceptible to developing infections, as high blood sugar levels can weaken the patient's immune system defenses. In addition, some diabetes-related health issues, such as nerve damage and reduced blood flow to the extremities, increase the body's vulnerability to infection. What Kinds of Infections Are Most Likely If You Have Diabetes? When you have diabetes, you are especially prone to foot infections, yeast infections, urinary tract infections, and surgical site infections. In addition, yeast cells (Candida albicans) are more likely to colonize the mucous membranes (e.g., mouth, vagina, nose) in people with diabetes. These Candida cells then interfere with the normal infection-fighting action of white blood cells. With white blood cells impaired, Candida can replicate unchecked, causing yeast infections. High blood sugar levels contribute to this process. Other Sources of Diabetes-Related Infection Diabetic neuropathy (nerve damage) causes problems with sensation, particularly in the feet. This lack of sensation sometimes means foot injuries go unnoticed. Untreated injuries can lead to infection. Some types of neuropathy can also lead to dry, cracked skin, which allows a convenient entry point for infection into the body. People with diabetes often have low blood flow to the extremities. With less blood flow, the body is less able to mobilize normal immune defenses and nutrients that promote the body's ability to fight infection and promote healing. Why Are Infections Risky for People With Diabetes? People with diabetes are more adversely affected when they get an infection than someone without the disease, because you have weakened immune defenses in diabetes. Studies have shown that even those who have minimally elevated blood sugar le Continue reading >>
Surgical Site Infection Risk In Patients With Diabetes
Surgical procedures are often unavoidable in patients with diabetes, and can even help reduce future risk of ulceration. But high postoperative infection rates in this patient population pose additional challenges to practitioners. by Ryan L. McMillen, DPM, Nicholas J. Lowery, DPM, and Dane K. Wukich, MD Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an increasing challenge for the medical community. It is estimated that 23.6 million people are afflicted in the United States, accounting for approximately 7.8% of the population.1 Nearly one third of persons with diabetes are unaware that they have DM. Often this disease is not diagnosed until patients present with complications of the disease. The incidence of DM has increased 30% over the past five years, and nearly 25% of the United States population over the age of 60 has DM.2 As the population continues to age, the prevalence will continue to rise. Alarmingly, DM is being diagnosed more frequently in younger patients.3 The rising prevalence of DM is a global problem, and it is estimated that there will be 366 million people with DM worldwide by the year 2030. The largest increases will occur in developing nations over that time span.4 Diabetes-related foot and ankle problems constitute a tremendous challenge for patients, caregivers, and the healthcare system, and the associated comorbidities should be considered a lifelong condition. Foot disorders in patients with diabetes, such as ulcers, infection, peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and Charcot neuroarthopathy (CN), are associated with severe morbidity and premature mortality, and they are a leading cause of hospital admissions in patients with DM.1,2 A higher incidence of DM occurs in non-Hispanic blacks, Native Americans, and persons of Hispanic and Latin heritage.5 Diabetes is asso Continue reading >>
Can Diabetics Eat Fruits And In What Quantity?
Diabetes was named for the excessive urination it causes, and for the sugar in the urine. It was called the sugar disease, and physicians were taught that sugar was the problem. Patients were ordered to avoid sweet foods, and in hospitals they were sometimes locked up to keep them from finding sweets. The practice was derived from ideology, not from any evidence that the treatment helped. In 1857, M. Piorry in Paris and William Budd in Bristol, England, reasoned that if a patient was losing a pound of sugar every day in 10 liters of urine, and was losing weight very rapidly, and had an intense craving for sugar, it would be reasonable to replace some of the lost sugar, simply because the quick weight loss of diabetes invariably led to death. Keeping patients from eating what they craved seemed both cruel and futile. Drs. Budd and Piorry described patients recovering from an incurable disease, and that has usually been enough to make the medical profession antagonistic. Even when a physician has himself diagnosed diabetes and told a patient that it would be necessary to inject insulin for the rest of his life, if that patient recovers by changing his diet, the physician will typically say that the diagnosis was wrong, because diabetes is incurable. In the 1940s, Bernardo Houssay found that coconut oil protected animals from poison-induced diabetes, while a lard-based diet failed to protect them. Later, glucose itself was found to protect the pancreatic beta-cells from poisons. In 1963, P.J. Randle clearly described the inhibition of glucose oxidation by free fatty acids. Later, when lipid emulsions came into use for intravenous feeding in hospitals, it was found that they blocked glucose oxidation, lowered the metabolic rate, suppressed immunity, and increased lipid pero Continue reading >>
Lasik In Patients With Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes is a relatively common disease, affecting more than 8% of the US population over age 20, and its prevalence is expected to increase in correlation with rising obesity rates[1]. As this segment of the population continues to grow, more diabetic patients are requesting laser vision correction. The US FDA considers diabetes a relative contraindication to LASIK surgery; however when this recommendation was issued, there was very limited data on the safety and efficacy of LASIK in these patients. The recommendation was therefore based on theoretical, rather than actual, risk. The link between diabetes and ocular complications is well established, and there was concern that the corneal abnormalities often seen in diabetic patients may increase operative and postoperative complications, and limit successful outcomes[2]. There was also concern that diabetic patients might be at a higher risk for postoperative infections. Recent research on the outcomes of LASIK in this patient population is mixed; however there is a growing body of evidence that indicates LASIK may be safely performed in diabetic patients with tight glycemic control and no systemic or ocular complications. The complications of diabetes affect almost every organ system in the body, and the eye is no exception. Diabetic retinopathy is the most common ocular complication of diabetes. Etiology is multifactorial, but is most likely caused by chronic hyperglycemia[3] via several proposed mechanisms. These mechanisms include impaired regulation of retinal blood flow, leading to increased shear stress on the retinal vessels[4], accumulation of sorbitol within the retina, which can cause cellular swelling and damage[5], and buildup of advanced glycosylation end products, which leads to retinal inflammation[6]. Continue reading >>
- Women in India with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Strategy (WINGS): Methodology and development of model of care for gestational diabetes mellitus (WINGS 4)
- The 30-minute op that can save diabetes patients from losing a leg - so why aren't more patients being offered this?
- Mastery in Diabetes Management: New Diabetes Diagnosis Criteria Req'd for Asian Patients?
Diabetes Mellitus And Infection
Some types of infection occur more frequently in patients with diabetes. This increased risk is largely attributable to an altered immune response due to chronic hyperglycaemia, but increased susceptibility to infection may also result from diabetic complications such as diabetic neuropathy and vascular insufficiency. Risk of most common infections is only modestly increased (e.g. 1.2 fold), but a number of rare but potentially fatal infections occur primarily or even almost exclusively in patients with diabetes. These include mucormycosis, emphysematous urinary tract infections, emphysematous cholecystitis, necrotizing fasciitis and malignant otitis externa. Immediate antimicrobial and/or surgical treatment is needed to prevent serious complications from these infections, including death. In general, antimicrobial treatment of infections in patients with diabetes is not different than in patients without diabetes. Glucose lowering therapy often needs to be increased to counter the loss of control associated with infection. Vaccinations against influenza and pneumococcal infections are recommended for patients with diabetes. Incidence and contributing factors People with diabetes are reported to experience 21% more infections than the general population[1]. Several factors may contribute to this, for example possible ‘reporting bias’: more frequent medical visits due to diabetes may lead to better recording of infectious complications. Even so, it seems clear that the risk of many common infections increases in proportion to hyperglycemia. Special problems may also arise in relations to diabetic nephropathy, which may undermine host defences against infection, and peripheral vascular disease which may impair tissue nutrition, oxygen supply and the ability to mount a Continue reading >>
- Women in India with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Strategy (WINGS): Methodology and development of model of care for gestational diabetes mellitus (WINGS 4)
- Cinnamon's Infection and Diabetes-Fighting Properties Revealed
- Diabetes & Your Feet: 5 Things You Need to Do Right Now to Prevent Ulcers, Infection, Amputation
Diabetes And Sepsis Outcomes – It Is Not All Bad News
Abstract Patients with diabetes mellitus have an increased risk of developing infections and sepsis. In this issue of Critical Care Esper and colleagues report on a large survey, involving 12.5 million sepsis cases, that examined the impact of pre-existing diabetes on organ dysfunction during sepsis. Their main conclusion was that diabetes patients, relative to non-diabetics, were less likely to develop respiratory failure and more likely to develop renal failure during the course of sepsis. Most physicians recollect cases where patients with diabetes had trivial injuries or infection, but rapidly progressed to life threatening sepsis and death. Although such clinical experiences may suggest that diabetes is associated with more severe infections and poor outcomes, observational studies have shown conflicting results. The interaction between diabetes, a chronic condition, and an acute infection is complex. Most studies suggest that diabetes increases susceptibility to infection. However, its effect on outcomes of infection, especially in the critical care setting, is less clear. In this issue of Critical Care, Esper and colleagues [1] have added to our current understanding of organ dysfunction during severe sepsis by comparing the incidence of different organ dysfunctions in patients with sepsis who did and did not have diabetes. There are several key findings of this study. First, diabetes was associated with higher risk of acute kidney injury (13% versus 7%) and lower risk of acute respiratory failure (9% versus 14%); the latter association, suggesting a protective effect of diabetes, is intriguing and in line with an earlier study showing that diabetes is associated with lower risk of acute lung injury in patients with septic shock [2]. Second, contrary to clinical Continue reading >>
- Association of Glycemic Variability in Type 1 Diabetes With Progression of Microvascular Outcomes in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial
- Medication Adherence and Improved Outcomes Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
- Improved pregnancy outcomes in women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes but substantial clinic-to-clinic variations: a prospective nationwide study
Isolation And Antibiotic Susceptibility Of Bacteria From Foot Infections In The Patients With Diabetes Mellitus Type I And Type Ii In The District Of Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India
Original Research Kannan Iyanar, Premavathy R. K., Sambandam Cecilia, Jayalakshmi M., Sruthi Priyadarsini S., Shantha S.. Abstract Background: Diabetic foot infections are important cause of morbidity and mortality among persons with diabetes mellitus. The reported prevalence rates in India range from 0.9–8.3%. Diabetes foot lesions are the leading cause of non-traumatic amputations worldwide. A study has been conducted to isolate and find the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the bacteria from diabetic foot infections from the patients of Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu, India. Methods: Sixty patients previously diagnosed or newly diagnosed as diabetic, presented with lower extremity infection attending Tagore medical college and hospital and its peripheral centres were selected for the study. Various specimens (pus, wound exudates, or tissues biopsy) for microbiological studies were obtained from the infected region. The specimens were cultured on blood agar and MacConkey agar for aerobic / facultative anaerobic organisms and on Neomycin Blood Agar for anaerobic organism. The plates were then incubated at 37°C. For anaerobic culture the plates were incubated in the McIntosh anaerobic jar. Isolates obtained are identified by standard laboratory techniques. Results: The result showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa (48.3%) is the predominant bacterium followed by Staphylococcus aureus (38%) and other bacteria. The anaerobic bacteria are also isolated from the diabetic foot ulcers. The Peptostreptococcus species (26.7%) are the predominant bacteria followed by other bacteria. Further the results showed that 22 patients (37%) showed the multi-bacterial infection and remaining 38 patients (63%) showed mono bacterial infection. The drugs like amikacin, cefepine, ciprofl Continue reading >>
Diabetes Mellitus And Increased Tuberculosis Susceptibility: The Role Of Short-chain Fatty Acids
Copyright © 2016 Ekta Lachmandas et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Type 2 diabetes mellitus confers a threefold increased risk for tuberculosis, but the underlying immunological mechanisms are still largely unknown. Possible mediators of this increased susceptibility are short-chain fatty acids, levels of which have been shown to be altered in individuals with diabetes. We examined the influence of physiological concentrations of butyrate on cytokine responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Butyrate decreased Mtb-induced proinflammatory cytokine responses, while it increased production of IL-10. This anti-inflammatory effect was independent of butyrate’s well-characterised inhibition of HDAC activity and was not accompanied by changes in Toll-like receptor signalling pathways, the eicosanoid pathway, or cellular metabolism. In contrast blocking IL-10 activity reversed the effects of butyrate on Mtb-induced inflammation. Alteration of the gut microbiota, thereby increasing butyrate concentrations, can reduce insulin resistance and obesity, but further studies are needed to determine how this affects susceptibility to tuberculosis. 1. Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) is the second leading cause of death from an infectious disease worldwide [1]. Susceptibility to TB can be increased by several comorbidities, one of which is type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) [2]. DM patients present with an overall threefold increased risk of developing active TB [3]. Globally, 15% of TB cases are estimated to be attributable to DM [4] and thus with a Continue reading >>
- Excessive fruit consumption during the second trimester is associated with increased likelihood of gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective study
- Exercise and Glucose Metabolism in Persons with Diabetes Mellitus: Perspectives on the Role for Continuous Glucose Monitoring
- Role of the Gastrointestinal Tract Microbiome in the Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus
Symptoms
Print Overview Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect how your body uses blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is vital to your health because it's an important source of energy for the cells that make up your muscles and tissues. It's also your brain's main source of fuel. If you have diabetes, no matter what type, it means you have too much glucose in your blood, although the causes may differ. Too much glucose can lead to serious health problems. Chronic diabetes conditions include type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Potentially reversible diabetes conditions include prediabetes — when your blood sugar levels are higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as diabetes — and gestational diabetes, which occurs during pregnancy but may resolve after the baby is delivered. Diabetes symptoms vary depending on how much your blood sugar is elevated. Some people, especially those with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes, may not experience symptoms initially. In type 1 diabetes, symptoms tend to come on quickly and be more severe. Some of the signs and symptoms of type 1 and type 2 diabetes are: Increased thirst Frequent urination Extreme hunger Unexplained weight loss Presence of ketones in the urine (ketones are a byproduct of the breakdown of muscle and fat that happens when there's not enough available insulin) Fatigue Irritability Blurred vision Slow-healing sores Frequent infections, such as gums or skin infections and vaginal infections Although type 1 diabetes can develop at any age, it typically appears during childhood or adolescence. Type 2 diabetes, the more common type, can develop at any age, though it's more common in people older than 40. When to see a doctor If you suspect you or your child may have diabetes. If you notice any poss Continue reading >>
