Adding Salt To Meals As A Risk Factor Of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Casecontrol Study
Adding Salt to Meals as a Risk Factor of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A CaseControl Study Institute of Endocrinology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu 2, 50009 Kaunas, Lithuania; [email protected] *Correspondence: moc.oohay@eneicivezdar_anil ; Tel.: +370-37-403-962 Received 2016 Oct 15; Accepted 2017 Jan 10. Copyright 2017 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license ( ). Objective: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is thought to arise from the complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. It is important to identify modifiable risk factors that may help to reduce the risk of diabetes. Data on salt intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes are limited. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between adding salt to prepared meals and the risk of type 2 diabetes. Methods: In a casecontrol study, we included 234 cases, all of whom were patients aged 3586 years with a newly confirmed diagnosis of T2DM, and 468 controls that were free of the disease. Cases and controls (ratio 1:2) were matched by gender and age (5 years). A questionnaire was used to collect information on possible risk factors for diabetes. Adding salt to prepared meals was assessed according to: Never, when there was not enough, or almost every time without tasting. The odds ratios (OR), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for type 2 diabetes was calculated using a conditional logistic regression. Results: The cases had a higher body mass index and a significantly lower education level compared to the controls. Variables such as waist circumference, body mass index, eating speed, smoking, family history of di Continue reading >>
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How Salt Intake Affects Diabetes
Aubri John has been a contributing researcher and writer to online physical and mental health oriented journals since 2005. John publishes online health and fitness articles that coincide with her licensed clinical skills in addictions, psychology and medical care. She has a master's degree in clinical social work and a Ph.D. in health psychology. Diabetes, a chronic metabolic disease, affects millions of Americans. People with diabetes have a higher likelihood of developing health complications that impact the heart, nervous system and kidneys. High blood pressure, or hypertension, is twice as common in diabetics as in nondiabetics, which increases the risk of a range of cardiovascular diseases. High salt intake contributes to hypertension, but salt does not have an effect on blood sugar. You get energy from the nutrients in foods containing proteins, fats and carbohydrates, but carbohydrates are the only types of foods that directly affect your blood sugar. Diabetes prevents your body from properly using blood sugar, or glucose, the main source of energy for your cells. Normally, when you eat a carbohydrate, it is metabolized into smaller sugar molecules, or glucose, sent into your bloodstream and met by the hormone insulin, which then transports the glucose into your cells. A diabetic does not produce or use insulin properly, and the glucose gets left in the bloodstream. Salt has no effect on the blood sugar process, but excess salt does have other implications for the health of a diabetic. People with diabetes have an increased risk of high blood pressure, notes the American Diabetes Association, because excess sodium in your diet causes blood pressure to rise. Common table salt contains 40 percent sodium, an essential mineral your body uses in small amounts for ma Continue reading >>
5 Common Food Myths For People With Diabetes Debunked
There are many misconceptions that people with diabetes must follow a strict diet, when in reality they can eat anything a person without diabetes eats. Amy Campbell, MS, RD, LDN, CDE, nutritionist at Joslin Diabetes Center and co-author of 16 Myths of a "Diabetic Diet," debunks some common food myths for people with diabetes. 1. People with diabetes have to eat different foods from the rest of the family. People with diabetes can eat the same foods as the rest of their family. Current nutrition guidelines for diabetes are very flexible and offer many choices, allowing people with diabetes to fit in favorite or special-occasion foods. Everyone, whether they have diabetes or not, should eat a healthful diet that consists of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean protein foods, and heart-healthy fats. So, if you have diabetes, there's no need to cook separately from your family. 2. People with diabetes should never give in to food cravings. Almost everyone has food cravings at some point, and people with diabetes are no exception. It's not uncommon for people with diabetes to cut out all sweets or even cut way back on food portions in order to lose weight. In turn, your body often responds to these drastic changes by creating cravings. Nine times out of ten, your food choices in these situations tend to be high in fat and/or sugar, too. The best way to deal with food cravings is to try to prevent them by following a healthy eating plan that lets you occasionally fit sweets into your diabetes meal plan. If a craving does occur, let yourself have a small taste of whatever it is you want. By doing so, you can enjoy the flavor and avoid overeating later on. 3. People with diabetes shouldn't eat too many starchy foods, even if they contain fiber, because starch raises your blo Continue reading >>
The Benefits Of Reducing Salt Intake
By Madelyn L. Wheeler, MS, RD, CDE, FADA, CD, Associate Editor While we can't live without salt, we really need to start living with less of it. Yes, salt adds flavor to food, but there's a lot more to it than that. Salt is a combination of about 2 parts sodium to 3 parts chloride, both of which serve functions vital to our health and well-being. Sodium, for example, is a major regulator of the fluid balance in our bodies. But too much sodium can raise blood pressure, a prime risk factor for stroke, coronary heart disease, and kidney disease. This is especially a problem for people with diabetes. The good news is that as sodium intake decreases, so does blood pressure. In addition, the taste for salt is an acquired one, meaning that when you cut down on salt, within just a couple of weeks you just won't want as much of it. The minimum amount of sodium required to replace the body's normal losses is estimated to be about 180 mg a day. And yet U.S. adults consume an average of 3,466 mg of sodium daily. The "2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans Advisory Committee Report" recommends a goal of 1,500 mg of sodium per day for the general population, the amount in about 2/3 teaspoon of table salt. Americans get most of their sodium from bread, chicken and beef dishes, pizza and pasta, condiments, Mexican food, cheese, grain-based desserts, soups, cold cuts, sausage, hot dogs, bacon, and ribs. These foods contribute about 56 percent of the sodium in the average American's diet, or nearly 2,000 mg a day. So how can we cut down? Reading food labels is a good first step. The nutrition facts list sodium content. Here's a decoder for other label terms: Sodium-Free or Salt-Free: no more than 5 mg of sodium per serving. Very Low Sodium: no more than 35 mg of sodium per serving. Low S Continue reading >>
Cutting Down On Salt
It's important that people with diabetes lower salt intake, as all too often diabetes is complicated by high blood pressure, a major cause of both heart disease and stroke. Here's how to cut back on salt—without cutting back on flavor—for people with diabetes. How Much is Too Much? We're not suggesting that you banish salt from your diet. The components of salt, sodium and chloride, are essential nutrients, and with potassium, they are the main regulators of the body's water-balance system. The average person in the United States consumes 1 tablespoon of salt a day, which is about 20 times the amount of sodium really needed. The American Diabetes Association recommends 2,300 mg of sodium or less as a maximum daily intake for people with diabetes. That is roughly equivalent to one teaspoon of salt. If you have hypertension (high blood pressure), your healthcare provider may suggest even less. Check with your diabetes health care team for their recommendations for you. We're fortunate that many food manufacturers are recognizing the public's growing concern about salt and have begun to offer "reduced salt" or "no salt" alternatives. Restaurant owners are also more willing to prepare food with less salt, especially when asked to do so. How DiabeticLifestyle Helps You Cut Back on Salt Here on this website, we use salt as an optional ingredient in most recipes, calling for it in small amounts when necessary, such as in baked goods. Reduced sodium versions of soy sauce, canned tomatoes, and canned chicken or beef broth are always called for. Naturally salty foods such as anchovies, capers, dill pickles, canned tuna, etc. are used in moderation. How to Use Less Salt Here are some ways to keep salt under control: Cook without salt, and taste the food before adding it after Continue reading >>
Sodium (salt) Intake Is Associated With A Risk Of Developing Type 2 Diabetes
Follow all of ScienceDaily's latest research news and top science headlines ! Sodium (salt) intake is associated with a risk of developing type 2 diabetes Sodium intake may be linked to an increased risk of developing both type 2 diabetes and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults says new research. Sodium intake may be linked to an increased risk of developing both type 2 diabetes (T2D) and Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA) says new research being presented at this year's annual meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) in Lisbon, Portugal (11-15 Sept). The main source of sodium in the diet is through salt. Salt (sodium chloride) is 40% sodium, so that for every 2.5g of salt consumed, 1g is sodium. Previous research* has suggested that excessive salt consumption may increase the risk of developing T2D, possibly through a direct effect on insulin resistance, and/or by promoting high blood pressure and weight gain. LADA is a form of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in which the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas are destroyed by the body's own immune system, but unlike typical T1D it develops very slowly, sometimes over a period of years. This, together with it appearing in later in adulthood, can lead to it being mistakenly diagnosed as T2D. This study was conducted by Dr Bahareh Rasouli of The Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, and colleagues from institutions in both Sweden and Finland, and aimed to discover whether there is a link between sodium intake and the risk of developing T2D or LADA. The team used data from a Swedish population-based study of risk factors for LADA and T2D, and compared the 355 and 1136 cases of each respectively with a matched group of 1379 individuals from the wi Continue reading >>
Consumption Of Salt Associated With Increased Risk Of Type 2 Diabetes, Researchers Say
Newsroom Published on: September 18, 2017 Consumption of Salt Associated With Increased Risk of Type 2 Diabetes, Researchers Say Salt intake may be associated with an increased risk of developing diabetes. Research presented at the annual meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes and published in Diabetologia found sodium intake increased the risk of developing both type 2 diabetes and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults. Salt intake may be associated with an increased risk of developing diabetes. Research presented at the annual meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes and published in Diabetologia found sodium intake increased the risk of developing both type 2 diabetes and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA). Researchers, led by Bahareh Rasouli, PhD, of The Institute of Environmental Medicine at the Karolinska Institutet in Sltockholm, Sweden, set out to discover the link because previous research has suggested excessive salt consumption may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes. Sodium is thought to have this effect by impacting insulin resistance or by increasing blood pressure and promoting weight gain. Using data from a Swedish population-based study of risk factors for LADA and type 2 diabetes, the researchers compared 335 cases of LADA and 1136 cases of type 2 diabetes with a matched group of 1379 individuals who acted as controls. LADA is a form of type 1 diabetes that differs in that LADA develops slowly. Since it appears later in adulthood, LADA can be mistakenly diagnosed as type 2 diabetes, Dietary intake was recorded to calculate the consumption of calories, nutrients, and sodium; genetic risk was consideredpeople were divided into high risk or other depending on their HLA genotype; and the researchers acc Continue reading >>
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Dietary Salt Intake And Diabetes Complications In Patients With Diabetes: An Overview
Dietary salt intake and diabetes complications in patients with diabetes: An overview Chika Horikawa , RD, PhD, CDE1,2 and Hirohito Sone , MD, PhD, FACP 1 Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Life Studies, University of Niigata Prefecture, Niigata, Japan, 2 Department of Hematology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan, 1 Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Life Studies, University of Niigata Prefecture, Niigata, Japan, 2 Department of Hematology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan, Hirohito Sone, Email: pj.ca.u-atagiin.dem@enos . Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer Received 2015 Aug 31; Accepted 2016 May 26. Copyright 2017 The Authors. Journal of General and Family Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Japan Primary Care Association. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercialNoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is noncommercial and no modifications or adaptations are made. Dietary salt restriction is an essential constituent of diabetes care in preventing or slowing the development of diabetes complications, and many diabetes management guidelines include recommendations for dietary salt intake. However, descriptions of guidelines for salt intake are sometimes confined to studies of participants without diabetes or small shortterm studies of patients with diabetes. However, in response to such situations, recent longitudinal studies of patients with diabetes have reported an association between dietary salt intake and diabetes co Continue reading >>
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How Salt Affects Diabetes - Mindbodygreen
To say that diabetes and pre-diabetes have become huge problems in the United States is an understatement. These conditions now affect more than one out of two adults in this country. Type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes generally begin with insulin resistance. Insulin is a hormone that helps bring glucose into our cells. However, when our cells become resistant to insulin, glucose levels in the blood rise drastically, eventually causing pre-diabetes or type 2 diabetes. Research has shown that insulin resistance, pre-diabetes, and type 2 diabetes are likely induced by a diet high in sugar. And insulin resistance may explain why diabetics and prediabetics are at a greater risk of hypertension, also known as high blood pressure. Its been long thought that eating salt is the cause of high blood pressure. In truth, cutting the sugar from your diet may actually fix your insulin resistance and in turn fix your "salt-sensitive" high blood pressure. However, the focus has always been to cut salt intake to lower blood pressure rather than cutting the sugar. And this could be a huge mistake, especially in those with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. In fact, eating more salt may actually improve prediabetes and type 2 diabetes, whereas cutting back on the salt may actually make things worse. In my book, The Salt Fix , I dispel these beliefs and explore why salt has been so unfairly villainized. A low-salt diet may harm those with pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes because it can make insulin resistance worse. In fact, low-salt diets in healthy people can cause insulin resistance . Low-salt diets may even cause hypertension by inducing vascular insulin resistance , which is a fancy way of saying a reduced vasodilatory response when insulin acts upon our arteries and blood vessels. High Continue reading >>
Is Salt Bad For Diabetics? | Everyday Health
Diabetes and Salt: How Much Is Safe and How to Limit It in Your Diet You need the mineral in your diabetes diet, but too much can be dangerous. Heres how to know when youve hit your sodium limit, and how to sleuth out all the sneaky places it hides. Salt may be hiding in everything from your bread to your cheese, and too much of the ingredient can harm your heart, a particular concern when you have diabetes. Ina Peters/Stocksy; Kristin Duvall/Getty Images; Thinkstock When you were diagnosed with diabetes, one of your first concerns was probably how you were going to monitor your carbohydrate intake. So you thought about potatoes, bread, pasta, and even fruit. But theres actually another nutrient that everyone with type 2 diabetes should have on their radar: sodium. Its true that our bodies need sodium, as its a necessary electrolyte , a mineral that regulates your bodys fluid balance, and helps ensure proper muscle and nerve function. Problem is, 89 percent of adults get too much, according to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) . When your body cant shed the excess sodium, it can cause high blood pressure, a risk factor for heart disease. Diabetes and Heart Disease: What to Know About Your Risk The statistics linking diabetes and heart disease are enough to get you to put down the soy sauce for good. According to the American Heart Association (AHA) , adults with diabetes are up to 4 times more likely to die from heart disease compared with those who don't havediabetes. That could be because people with type 2 diabetes may have certain risk factors that make them more prone to cardiovascular disease, like having high blood pressure, having highLDL, or bad, cholesterol, carrying excess weight, and living a more sedentary lifestyle. Research b Continue reading >>
Can You Get Diabetes From Salt?
What does sodium have to do with your risk of type 2 diabetes? Its well-known that a poor diet, inactivity, and obesity are all associated with type 2 diabetes . Some people think that the amount of sodium you consume also plays a role. But in reality, eating too much sodium doesnt directly cause diabetes. The relationship between salt and diabetes is more complex. Sodium is responsible for controlling the balance of fluids in your body and helps maintain a normal blood volume and blood pressure. Consuming too much salt can raise blood pressure, resulting in fluid retention. This can cause swelling in the feet and other health issues that are very harmful to people with diabetes. If you have diabetes or prediabetes , the amount of sodium you consume can worsen your condition by causing hypertension (high blood pressure). Those with diabetes or prediabetes are at a greater risk of high blood pressure, which can make a person more susceptible to heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease. While many natural foods contain salt, most Americans consume sodium through table salt, which is added during cooking or processing. The average American consumes 5 or more teaspoons of salt daily, which is about 20 times as much salt than whats needed by the body. The saltiest foods are those that are processed or canned. Foods sold in restaurants or as fast food also tend to be very salty. Here are some common high-sodium foods: meat, fish, or poultry thats been cured, canned, salted, or smoked, including: bacon, cold cuts, ham, frankfurters, sausage, sardines, caviar, and anchovies frozen dinners and breaded meats, including pizza, burritos, and chicken nuggets canned meals, including baked beans, chili, ravioli, soups, and spam canned vegetables, stocks, and broths with salt added c Continue reading >>
Too Much Salt Could Increase Diabetes Risk
Too much salt could increase diabetes risk The threat on your plate: salt may significantly increase the risk of developing different forms of diabetes. Researchers suggest that sodium - which we commonly ingest through salt, or sodium chloride - could increase the risk of type 2 diabetes and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults. Diabetes is a common condition that affects more than 29 million people in the United States, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Type 2 diabetes accounts for up to 95 percent of all diagnosed cases and is characterized by abnormal levels of blood sugar. This type of diabetes is most often diagnosed in middle-aged and senior people. Another metabolic condition called latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) is often misdiagnosed as type 2 diabetes; it also appears later in adulthood. LADA is a more slowly progressing disease, and it does not initially require insulin treatment. A new study conducted by Dr. Bahareh Rasouli, of the Institute of Environmental Medicine at the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm, Sweden - in collaboration with researchers from other Swedish and Finnish institutions - now looks at the impact of sodium intake on the risk of type 2 diabetes and LADA. The researchers havepresented their findings at the annual meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes , held in Lisbon, Portugal. Existing research had already suggested that the sodium we usually absorb from our daily intake of salt may significantly increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. The team explains that thismay be because sodium impacts insulin resistance , but also because excess salt can lead to hypertension and gaining excess weight. Butuntil now, no studies had looked at the impact of sodium intake Continue reading >>
Is It True That Sea Salt Is Better For Diabetics Than Table Salt? If So, Why?
Q: Is it true that sea salt is better for diabetics than table salt? If so, why? Using sea salt in place of table salt has the added benefit of containing a few trace minerals. However, sea salt and other unrefined salts do not contain the element iodine, which is added to table salt. Iodine deficiency can lead to thyroid problems. Therefore, if you decide to use sea salt, it's important to make sure you consume foods rich in iodine, such as seafood and sea vegetables like kelp. At this point there aren't any high-quality studies showing that sea salt is better than table salt for people with diabetes. Therefore, you can use either type or alternate between the two if you like. Originally answered by Claire Blum, RN, CDE; edited by Franziska Spritzler, RD, CDE Answered By dLife Expert: Franziska Spritzler, RD, CDE Certified diabetes educator and registered dietitian living in Southern California. Disclaimer The content of this website, such as text, graphics, images, and other material on the site (collectively, “Content”) are for informational purposes only. The Content is not intended to be a substitute for, and dLife does not provide, professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this site. If you think you may have a medical emergency, call your doctor or 911 immediately. dLife does not recommend or endorse any specific tests, physicians, products, procedures, opinions, or other information that may be mentioned on this site. Reliance on any information provided by dLife, its employees and other contributors or visi Continue reading >>
Why Too Much Salt Could Be Extra Harmful For Diabetics
A diet loaded with salt is associated with double the risk of heart attack or stroke in people with type 2 diabetes. HealthDay Reporter TUESDAY, July 22, 2014 (HealthDay News) -- A diet loaded with salt is associated with double the risk of heart attack or stroke in people with type 2 diabetes. The risk skyrockets even higher among those whose diabetes isn't well-managed, a new Japanese study reports. The study found that people with diabetes who consumed an average of 5.9 grams of sodium daily had double the risk of developing heart disease than those who consumed, on average, 2.8 grams of sodium daily. In addition, heart disease risk jumped nearly 10-fold for people with poorly managed type 2 diabetes and a diet with excess salt. However, it's important to note that this study only found an association between salt intake and increased heart disease; the study wasn't designed to prove that the increased salt intake actually caused heart disease. Still, experts believe it's important to limit salt in the diet. "The findings are very important from a public health point of view," said Dr. Prakash Deedwania, chief of cardiology for the Veterans Administration Central California Health Care System and a professor at the University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine. "Everyone's focused on controlling glucose [blood sugar] to prevent diabetes complications. Salt intake is not as well emphasized, but this shows it should be reduced as well," said Deedwania, a member of the American College of Cardiology's Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Committee. The study highlights the need for people with diabetes to track more than just carbohydrates when managing their daily diet, said Deedwania. Public health officials previously have established a link between diab Continue reading >>
Type 2 Diabetes
What you eat makes a big difference when you have diabetes. When you build your diet, four key things to focus on are carbs, fiber, fat, and salt. Here's what you should know about each of them. Carbs give you fuel. They affect your blood sugar faster than fats or protein. You’ll mainly get them from: Fruit Milk and yogurt Bread, cereal, rice, pasta Starchy vegetables like potatoes, corn, and beans Some carbs are simple, like sugar. Other carbs are complex, like those found in beans, nuts, vegetables, and whole grains. Complex carbohydrates are better for you because they take longer for your body to digest. They give you steady energy and fiber. You may have heard of “carbohydrate counting.” That means you keep track of the carbs (sugar and starch) you eat each day. Counting grams of carbohydrate, and splitting them evenly between meals, will help you control your blood sugar. If you eat more carbohydrates than your insulin supply can handle, your blood sugar level goes up. If you eat too little, your blood sugar level may fall too low. You can manage these shifts by knowing how to count carbs. One carbohydrate serving equals 15 grams of carbohydrates. A registered dietitian can help you figure out a carbohydrate counting plan that meets your specific needs. For adults, a typical plan includes two to four carb servings at each meal, and one to two as snacks. You can pick almost any food product off the shelf, read the label, and use the information about grams of carbohydrates to fit the food into your meal plan. Anyone can use carb counting. It’s most useful for people who take more than one daily injection of insulin, use the insulin pump, or want more flexibility and variety in their food choices. You get fiber from plant foods -- fruits, vegetables, whole g Continue reading >>
