Adult History: Female
PAST MEDICAL HISTORY: (PMH) FORMCHECKBOX Unremarkable FORMCHECKBOX Gout FORMCHECKBOX Abnormal Pap Smear FORMCHECKBOX GYN – # of Pregnancies FORMCHECKBOX Alzheimer’s Disease FORMCHECKBOX GYN - # of Deliveries FORMCHECKBOX Anemia FORMCHECKBOX GYN - # of Miscarriages FORMCHECKBOX Anxiety FORMCHECKBOX Hepatitis A FORMCHECKBOX Arthritis FORMCHECKBOX Hepatitis B FORMCHECKBOX Asthma FORMCHECKBOX Hepatitis C FORMCHECKBOX Atrial Fibrillation FORMCHECKBOX Hyperlipidemia FORMCHECKBOX Autoimmune Disorder FORMCHECKBOX Hypertension FORMCHECKBOX Blood Transfusions FORMCHECKBOX Hyperthyroidism FORMCHECKBOX Brain Tumor FORMCHECKBOX Hypothyroidism FORMCHECKBOX Cataract FORMCHECKBOX Incontinence FORMCHECKBOX Cancer - Breast FORMCHECKBOX Infertility FORMCHECKBOX Cancer – Cervical FORMCHECKBOX Inflammatory Bowel Disease FORMCHECKBOX Cancer – Colon FORMCHECKBOX Kidney Disease FORMCHECKBOX Cancer – Lung FORMCHECKBOX Kidney Stone FORMCHECKBOX Cancer – Ovarian FORMCHECKBOX Liver Disease FORMCHECKBOX Cancer – Skin FORMCHECKBOX Lupus FORMCHECKBOX Cancer – Thyroid FORMCHECKBOX Macular Degeneration FORMCHECKBOX Chrohn’s Disease FORMCHECKBOX Migraine Headache FORMCHECKBOX Chronic Low Back Pain FORMCHECKBOX Multiple Sclerosis FORMCHECKBOX Cirrhosis FORMCHECKBOX MI (Heart Attack) FORMCHECKBOX Congestive Heart Failure FORMCHECKBOX Osteoarthritis FORMCHECKBOX Constipation, Chronic FORMCHECKBOX Osteopenia FORMCHECKBOX COPD FORMCHECKBOX Osteoporosis FORMCHECKBOX Coronary Artery Disease FORMCHECKBOX Parkinson’s Disease FORMCHECKBOX CVA/Stroke FORMCHECKBOX Peptic Ulcer Disease FORMCHECKBOX Degenerative Joint Disease FORMCHECKBOX Polymylagia Rheumatica FORMCHECKBOX Dementia FORMCHECKBOX Psoriasis FORMCHECKBOX Depression FORMCHECKBOX Polymy Continue reading >>
Risk Factors For Coronary Artery Disease
Risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) were not formally established until the initial findings of the Framingham Heart Study in the early 1960s. The understanding of such factors is critical to the prevention of cardiovascular morbidities and mortality. See the image below. Traditional versus nontraditional risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD). The expanding list of nontraditional biomarkers is outweighed by the standard risk factors for predicting future cardiovascular events and adds only moderately to standard risk factors. BNP = B-type natriuretic peptide; BP = blood pressure; CRP = C-reactive protein; HDL = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HIV = human immunodeficiency virus infection. Risk factors for coronary artery disease Conventional risk factors Older age: Over age 45 years in men and over age 55 years in women Family history of early heart disease Race: Among persons with CAD, the cardiovascular death rate for African Americans is reported to be particularly high; in Asians, low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), which are considered to be a risk factor for coronary heart disease, appear to be especially prevalent; South Asians appear to have a higher independent risk for cardiovascular disease as well. Modifiable risk factors High blood cholesterol levels (specifically, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C]) High blood pressure Cigarette smoking: Cessation of cigarette smoking constitutes the single most important preventive measure for CAD Lack of physical activity Metabolic syndrome Mental stress and depression Nontraditional or novel risk factors High levels of the following are considered to be risk factors for CAD: C-reactive protein (CRP): High levels are related to the presence of inflammation and, ac Continue reading >>
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Causes Of Type 1 And Type 2 Diabetes
About 415 million people world-wide have diabetes; 90-95% of these have Type 2 diabetes. By the year 2040 the global prevalence figure is predicted to have risen to 642 million. Research suggests that in NZ approximately 1 in 4 people have pre-diabetes. (In the US recent figures released suggest 1 in 3).Type 1 diabetes accounts for only 5-10% of cases of diabetes. Those at high risk of developing Type 2 diabetes include: People over forty: Type 2 diabetes, which accounts for the majority of diabetes, is most common in middle and old age (although younger people are increasingly dveloping Type 2 diabetes) People who are overweight: Over 80% of people with Type 2 diabetes are obese People with diabetic relatives: Both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are associated with an inherited tendency (see below). The genetic component of the disease is different for Type 1 and Type 2. Many scientists believe that the risk of passing on Type 2 diabetes to offspring is greater if the diabetic parent is the mother. Diabetes is rare in some populations and racial groups, but occurs more frequently in others. The annual incidence of Type 1 diabetes in Finland, for example, is 64 per 100,000; in China it is only about 0.1 per 100,000. Maori males are 3 times, and females 5 times, more likely to develop Type 2 diabetes, compared to their New Zealand European counterparts. In the United States, African Americans appear to be twice as likely to develop Type 2 diabetes than white Americans. So what do we know about the causes of diabetes? What's covered on this page Part 1: What Causes Diabetes? The Genetic Element What are genes? Inheriting genes Learning from twins Genes for Type 1 diabetes Genes for Type 2 diabetes Genes for other types of diabetes Type 1 Diabetes Autoantibodies and the immune Continue reading >>
Certified Diabetes Educator Exam 3
Sort Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) looked at 3 groups. 1) Lifestyle: Less fat, calories and exercised 150 min/week 2) Metformin 3) Taking placebo for 3 years. The Lifestyle group reduced DM risk by ____%; The Metformin group reduced risk by _____% 58%; 31% Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) was a 10 year study patients with Type 1 Diabetes. Study compared effects of 2 treatment regimens: standard therapy and intensive control on complications of diabetes. By maintaining A1c<7% Eye Disease ____% reduced risk; Kidney Disease ____% reduced risk; Nerve Disease _____% reduced risk. 76;50;60 UK Prospective Diabetes Study was conducted over 20 yrs involving patient with Type 2 Diabetes. Looked at glucose control and BP. Does good control delay onset of complications. **Results: every ____% decrease in A1c reduces microvascular complications by _____% 1;35 Continue reading >>
Type 1 Diabetes Risk Factors
There are several risk factors that may make it more likely that you’ll develop type 1 diabetes—if you have the genetic marker that makes you susceptible to diabetes. That genetic marker is located on chromosome 6, and it’s an HLA (human leukocyte antigen) complex. Several HLA complexes have been connected to type 1 diabetes, and if you have one or more of those, you may develop type 1. (However, having the necessary HLA complex is not a guarantee that you will develop diabetes; in fact, less than 10% of people with the “right” complex(es) actually develop type 1.) Other risk factors for type 1 diabetes include: Viral infections: Researchers have found that certain viruses may trigger the development of type 1 diabetes by causing the immune system to turn against the body—instead of helping it fight infection and sickness. Viruses that are believed to trigger type 1 include: German measles, coxsackie, and mumps. Race/ethnicity: Certain ethnicities have a higher rate of type 1 diabetes. In the United States, Caucasians seem to be more susceptible to type 1 than African-Americans and Hispanic-Americans. Chinese people have a lower risk of developing type 1, as do people in South America. Geography: It seems that people who live in northern climates are at a higher risk for developing type 1 diabetes. It’s been suggested that people who live in northern countries are indoors more (especially in the winter), and that means that they’re in closer proximity to each other—potentially leading to more viral infections. Conversely, people who live in southern climates—such as South America—are less likely to develop type 1. And along the same lines, researchers have noticed that more cases are diagnosed in the winter in northern countries; the diagnosis rate Continue reading >>
What Is Type 1 Diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes is a chronic disease. In type 1 diabetes cells in the pancreas that make insulin are destroyed, and the body is unable to make insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps your body’s cells use a natural sugar called glucose for energy. Your body obtains glucose from the food you eat. Insulin allows the glucose to pass from your blood into your body’s cells. Your liver and muscle tissues store extra glucose, also called blood sugar. It’s released when you need extra energy, such as between meals, when you exercise, or when you sleep. In diabetes mellitus type 1 the body is unable to process glucose due to a lack of insulin. This causes elevated blood sugar levels and can cause both short-term and long-term problems. Learn more: Defining 3 early stages of type 1 diabetes » The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. However, it is thought to be an autoimmune disease. The body’s immune system mistakenly attacks beta cells in the pancreas. These are the cells that make insulin. It’s also unknown why the immune system attacks beta cells. Risk factors for type 1 diabetes are poorly understood. However, some factors have been tentatively identified. Family history Family history may be important in some cases of type 1 diabetes. If you have a family member with type 1 diabetes, your risk of developing increases. Several genes have been tentatively linked to this condition. However, not everyone who is at risk for type 1 diabetes develops the condition. Many believe there must be some type of trigger that causes type 1 diabetes to develop. These could include: Race Race may be a risk factor for type 1 diabetes. It is more common in white individuals than in people of other races. The following are symptoms of type 1 diabetes: excessive hunger excessiv Continue reading >>
Nutrition For Patients With Diabetes Mellitus
Write my sample Explain the onset of type 2 diabetes. Cells do not respond to insulin as they should, which causes the pancreas to compensate by secreting higher than normal levels of insulin. During impaired glucose tolerance, glucose levels are normal but insulin levels are high. Over time, chronic hyperinsulinemia leads to a decrease in the number of insulin receptors on the cells and a further reduction in tissue sensitivity to insulin. Eventually and progressively, insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion deteriorate, and frank type 2 diabetes develops. Explain what occurs during DKA. Without insulin, fat catabolism proceeds unchecked, leading to a dangerous accumulation of acidic ketone bodies in the blood (ketoacidosis), Which spills over into the urine (ketonuria). Polyuria may lead to dehydration, electrolyte depletion, and hypotension. Hyperventilation occurs in an attempt to correct acidosis by increasing expiration of CO2. Fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and confusion develop; Diabetic coma and death are possible. Continue reading >>
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What Is The Difference Of Reading And Oral Speech In Hindi
How to get the standing ovation that your speech deserves. The goal of In the post-World War II period there has been a veritable explosion of publication of works dealing with Hindi, Urdu, and their various speech varieties. Here are a Details of some of the differences between written and spoken language, include their structure, use, permanence, and so on. , reading/ translation, oral/aural, pattern repetition), prepared for the atfoot (nm) incident, event, happening. Palmer chose the term "extensive reading" to distinguish it from "intensive reading". Teaching materials have been written exemplifying different approaches to language learning (e. asoi [nf speech, voice; utterance; goddess of speech; ~To eloquent, skilled in speech; TāsūTE3 eloquence, skill in speech. Once spoken, words cannot be retracted, although one can apologize for a mistake and improvise a clarification or qualification. . ” Asked to describe a presentation, we would say, “It's somebody standing in front of a room with a screen behind her, where she's showing visuals to explain Reading is a complex "cognitive process" of decoding symbols in order to construct or derive meaning (reading comprehension). Now we'll An assortment of report card comments and phrases focusing on reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills. His reading and writing were more impaired, and they contained many errors similar to those of his speech. Reading is a means of language acquisition, communication, and of sharing information and ideas. Exemplary 100%. Have you been called I took a lot of things to look at, try, feel and to listen to to make them concentrate on other thing but myself and my speech, walked around a lot using body language, remembered the experience about time and had my watch on In the ei Continue reading >>
Diabetes Risk Factors
Diabetes is a condition that affects the body’s ability to use blood sugar for energy. The three types are type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Doctors usually diagnose type 1 diabetes in childhood, although it can occur in adults also. Type 1 diabetes affects the body’s ability to produce insulin. This hormone is vital to helping the body utilize blood sugar. Without enough insulin, the extra blood sugar can damage the body. According to the American Diabetes Association, 5 percent of all people with diabetes have type 1 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is a condition that affects a body’s ability to use insulin properly. Unlike people with type 1 diabetes, people with type 2 diabetes make some insulin. However, they can’t make enough to keep up with rising blood sugar levels. Doctors associate type 2 diabetes with lifestyle-related factors like obesity. Gestational diabetes is a condition that causes women to have very high blood sugar levels during pregnancy. This condition is typically temporary. Having risk factors does not mean that someone will get diabetes. Doctors don’t know the exact cause of type 1 diabetes. Family history of type 1 diabetes is considered a risk factor. According to the American Diabetes Association, the child of a man with type 1 diabetes has a 1 in 17 chance of developing type 1 diabetes. If a woman has type 1 diabetes, her child has a 1 in 25 chance if the child was born when the woman was younger than 25. Women with type 1 diabetes who give birth at age 25 or older have a 1 in 100 chance of having a child with type 1 diabetes. Having a parent with type 2 diabetes also increases diabetes risk. Because diabetes is often related to lifestyle choices, parents may pass on poor health habits to their children. This increases their risk Continue reading >>
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Survey Of The American Association Of Diabetes Educators And The American Diabetes Association
Clinical and cost-effectiveness of continuous subcutaneous infusion for diabetes: updating review A technology assessment report commissioned by the HTA Programme on behalf of NICE. HTA reference 06/61. This TAR updates the previous review, published as HTA 2004; vol 8: no 43. Some of the information used comes from unpublished studies which are currently (5th August 2007) “academic in confidenceâ€. The relevant sections had been underlined and highlighted. Authors; Ewen Cummins Pam Royle Ailsa Snaith Alexandra Greene Lynn Robertson Linda McIntyre Norman Waugh Address for correspondence: Professor Norman Waugh Dept of Public Health Medical School Buildings Foresterhill Aberdeen AB25 2ZD [email protected] Competing interests – none. The Aberdeen HTA group The Aberdeen Health Technology Assessment Group is part of the Institute of Applied Health Sciences (IAHS), which is part of the College of Medicine and Life Sciences of the University of Aberdeen. The Institute of Applied Health Sciences is made up of discrete but methodologically related research groups. The HTA Group is drawn mainly from the Health Services Research Unit, Public Health, and the Health Economics Research Unit. The HTA Group carries out independent health technology assessments (TARs) for the UK HTA Programme, which commissions TARs for NICE and other bodies, such as the National Screening Committee. In addition, a joint venture between the Health Services Research Unit at Aberdeen and the Medical Care Research Unit at Sheffield University informs the Review Body for Interventional Procedures Programme within NICE (ReBIP) ReBIP undertakes systematic reviews and establishes UK registries, where appropriate, to collect and analyse data on the efficacy and safety of selected procedures, Continue reading >>
Cardiac Rehabilitation Risk Factor Id And Questionnaire
*878457* Form: 87-8457 Rev. 1 8/2017 Page 1 of 2 RISK FACTOR ID AND QUESTIONNAIRE Patient Label Patient Name: ______________________________ Procedure Type /Date: RISK FACTOR IDENTIFICATION Identify your risk factors by checking the boxes and providing further information as indicated. Sedentary lifestyle. Most of my day is spent seated and I do not follow an exercise routine. Comments: Diabetes. Type 1 Type 2 Year diagnosed: ______________ Oral medication Insulin Diabetes Education: Yes No I test my blood sugar ____ per day week. Blood sugar range: ____________ Date/result of last A1C: ___________ (Bring testing supplies for the first two weeks of the program.) Stress. I feel I experience a high level of stress on a daily/near daily basis. Rate your stress on a scale of 1-10 (ten being the most stress), I rate my stress:______ . Reduced Interest/ Feelings of Depression. More than half of the time I feel a reduced interest or have a hard time concentrating on activities I previously enjoyed, and feel down. Cholesterol: Last tested: _____________ Total Cholesterol: _______ HDL: _____ LDL: _____ Triglycerides: Family History of Cardiac Disease. Heart attack High Blood Pressure High Cholesterol Stroke Specify relation to, their approximate age at diagnosis, and type of heart disease: Hypertension. (high blood pressure or pre-hypertension): Usually over 140/90 Usually over 130/80 Smoking. I currently smoke ____ cigarettes/day. I smoked for ___ years, but I quit (year) I choose not to quit smoking because: Weight. Wt: ___________ Ht: __________ For staff use only: BMI: ______ Waist Circum. (inches): _____ Weight loss goal: 5% 7% 10% ____________ Alcohol. Number of drinks/week: ____ I used to drink alcohol but quit (year) ___________ WEIGHT HISTORY Current Wt: ______ Lowest A Continue reading >>
Exercise 8: Bedside Glucose Testing
Skills: 25 points Objectives: 1. Define diabetes mellitus. 2. Compare and contrast: Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes and gestational diabetes. 3. List the limitations of the bedside glucose test procedure. 4. State the normal values for blood glucose levels. 5. Briefly describe the glucose tolerance test including patient instructions. 6. Briefly describe the 2 hour post prandial glucose test including patient instructions. 7. State the purpose of performing bedside glucose testing. 8. State the principle of the reaction which occurs on the glucose test strip. 9. Describe the system for monitoring quality assurance in bedside glucose testing. 10. Perform and record the control solution(s) for the test. 11. Evaluate the control solution(s) using predetermined criteria to determine if the test can be performed on the patient. 12. Perform a capillary puncture for glucose determination and use the first drop of blood for analysis. 13. Perform a quantitative measurement of glucose on whole blood using a device manufactured for patient home use and bedside testing. Discussion Diabetes mellitus is a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism caused by a lack of insulin or nonfunctional insulin and characterized by high blood glucose levels. This is a complicated disease that may cause more complications for the patient than just an increased blood glucose level. Persons with diabetes mellitus often develop blindness, kidney failure, and/or circulatory problems that result in tissue damage and possible amputation. Hyperglycemia is the signal that a person possible has diabetes mellitus. Commonly the patient is deficient in insulin production by the pancreas or in insulin function. Insulin is the hormone primarily responsible for regulating blood glucose levels. When insulin is absent Continue reading >>
Symptoms
Print Overview Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect how your body uses blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is vital to your health because it's an important source of energy for the cells that make up your muscles and tissues. It's also your brain's main source of fuel. If you have diabetes, no matter what type, it means you have too much glucose in your blood, although the causes may differ. Too much glucose can lead to serious health problems. Chronic diabetes conditions include type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Potentially reversible diabetes conditions include prediabetes — when your blood sugar levels are higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as diabetes — and gestational diabetes, which occurs during pregnancy but may resolve after the baby is delivered. Diabetes symptoms vary depending on how much your blood sugar is elevated. Some people, especially those with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes, may not experience symptoms initially. In type 1 diabetes, symptoms tend to come on quickly and be more severe. Some of the signs and symptoms of type 1 and type 2 diabetes are: Increased thirst Frequent urination Extreme hunger Unexplained weight loss Presence of ketones in the urine (ketones are a byproduct of the breakdown of muscle and fat that happens when there's not enough available insulin) Fatigue Irritability Blurred vision Slow-healing sores Frequent infections, such as gums or skin infections and vaginal infections Although type 1 diabetes can develop at any age, it typically appears during childhood or adolescence. Type 2 diabetes, the more common type, can develop at any age, though it's more common in people older than 40. When to see a doctor If you suspect you or your child may have diabetes. If you notice any poss Continue reading >>
Diabetes Mellitus
"Diabetes" redirects here. For other uses, see Diabetes (disambiguation). Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.[7] Symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger.[2] If left untreated, diabetes can cause many complications.[2] Acute complications can include diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, or death.[3] Serious long-term complications include cardiovascular disease, stroke, chronic kidney disease, foot ulcers, and damage to the eyes.[2] Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced.[8] There are three main types of diabetes mellitus:[2] Type 1 DM results from the pancreas's failure to produce enough insulin.[2] This form was previously referred to as "insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus" (IDDM) or "juvenile diabetes".[2] The cause is unknown.[2] Type 2 DM begins with insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to respond to insulin properly.[2] As the disease progresses a lack of insulin may also develop.[9] This form was previously referred to as "non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus" (NIDDM) or "adult-onset diabetes".[2] The most common cause is excessive body weight and insufficient exercise.[2] Gestational diabetes is the third main form, and occurs when pregnant women without a previous history of diabetes develop high blood sugar levels.[2] Prevention and treatment involve maintaining a healthy diet, regular physical exercise, a normal body weight, and avoiding use of tobacco.[2] Control of blood pressure and maintaining proper foot care are important for people with t Continue reading >>
Type 2 Diabetes In Children And Adolescents
Chapter Headings Key Messages Note: Unless otherwise specified, the term “child” is used for individuals 0 to 18 years of age, and the term “adolescent” for those 13 to 18 years of age. Anticipatory guidance regarding healthy eating and active lifestyle is recommended to prevent obesity. Regular targeted screening for type 2 diabetes is recommended in children at risk. Children with type 2 diabetes should receive care in consultation with an interdisciplinary pediatric diabetes healthcare team. Early screening, intervention and optimization of glycemic control are essential, as the onset of type 2 diabetes during childhood is associated with severe and early onset of microvascular complications. Introduction Type 2 diabetes in children has increased in frequency around the world over the past 2 decades (1) . Children from ethnic groups at high risk for type 2 diabetes in their adult populations, namely, those of Aboriginal, African, Arabic, Hispanic or Asian descent, are disproportionally affected. A recent Canadian national surveillance study demonstrated a minimum incidence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents <18 years of age of 1.54 per 100 000 children per year (2) . Significant regional variation was observed with the highest minimum incidence seen in Manitoba of 12.45 per 100 000 children per year. In this study, 44% of children with new onset type 2 diabetes were of Aboriginal heritage, 25% Caucasian, 10.1% Asian, 10.1% African/Caribbean and the remaining of other or mixed ethnic origin (2) . Recent data from the United States (US) demonstrated an incidence of 8.1 per 100 000 person years in the 10- to 14-year age group and 11.8 per 100 000 person years in the 15- to 19-year group. In this study, the highest rates were found in American Indian, Continue reading >>
