Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, Control Of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus And Risk Factors In Chinese Rural Population: The Ruraldiab Study
The study aimed to investigate prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and to explore potential risk factors in rural areas of China. A total of 16413 individuals aged 18–74 years in rural districts were recruited from the Rural Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle (RuralDiab) study for the epidemiological research. Meanwhile, a meta-analysis including 7 published studies was conducted to validate the result of the cross-sectional study. The rates of crude and age-standardized prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of T2DM were 12.19%, 67.00%, 62.35%, 22.20% and 6.98%, 60.11%, 54.85%, 18.77%, respectively. The prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of T2DM displayed increased trends with age (Ptrend < 0.01) and were strongly associated with education, drinking, more vegetable and fruit intake, physical activity, family history of diabetes, body mass index (BMI). The results of this meta-analysis showed that the pooled prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of T2DM in China countryside were 7.3% (5.3–9.4%), 57.3% (36.9–77.6%), 48.4% (32.4–64.5%) and 21.0% (9.9–32.1%), respectively. The prevalence of T2DM was high with inadequate awareness, treatment and control of T2DM in China rural areas. Healthy lifestyles should be advocated to reduce prevalence and improve awareness, treatment, and control of T2DM in Chinese rural residents. As the third leading cause of mortality, diabetes seriously threatens to human health worldwide1,2, and it has caused large disease burden to the patients, their families and the society, especially in developing countries3,4,5. There are many complications of diabetes such as diabetic eye disease and diabetic nephropathy, which could lead to blindness and kidney failure5,6,7. In ad Continue reading >>
- Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Youth With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study
- Maternal obesity as a risk factor for early childhood type 1 diabetes: a nationwide, prospective, population-based case–control study
- Prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes in 15 states of India: results from the ICMR–INDIAB population-based cross-sectional study
Prevalence And Clustering Of Metabolic Risk Factors For Type 2 Diabetes Among Chinese Adults In Shanghai, China
Abstract Type 2 diabetes is becoming an epidemic in China. To evaluate the prevalence, clustering of metabolic risk factors and their impact on type 2 diabetes, we conducted a population-based study in Shanghai, China's largest metropolitan area. From 2006 to 2007, 2,113 type 2 diabetes cases and 2,458 comparable controls of adults aged 40 to 79 years were enrolled. Demographic, lifestyle, and dietary factors were assessed via standardized questionnaires. Plasma, red and white blood cells were collected and stored for future studies. Anthropometric indices and biochemical intermediates (including blood pressure, fasting glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, and blood lipids) were measured. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome were also compared following two criteria recommended by the Chinese Diabetes Society (CDS, 2004) and the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III, 2002). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome (62% vs. 15% using CDS criteria) and its individual components, including obesity (51% vs. 42%), hypertension (54% vs. 41%), hypertriglyceridemia (42% vs. 32%), and low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL) levels (36% vs. 25%) were higher in diabetes cases than controls. Regardless of criteria used, those with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) had similarly high prevalence of metabolic syndrome as did diabetes cases. In a multiple logistic regression model adjusted for demographics and lifestyle risk factors, the odds ratios of diabetes (95% CI) were 1.23 (1.04-1.45) for overweight (28 >= BMI >= 24), 1.81 (1.45-2.25) for obesity (BMI > 28), 1.53 (1.30-1.80) for central obesity (waist circumference > 80 cm for woman or waist circumference > 85 cm for man), 1.36 (1.17-1.59) for hypertension (sbp/dbp >= 140/90 mmHg), 1.55 (1.32-1.82) Continue reading >>
The Dynamics Of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Prevalence And Management Rates Among Rural Population In Henan Province, China
Journal of Diabetes Research Volume 2017 (2017), Article ID 9092759, 9 pages 1Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China 2Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China 3Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China Academic Editor: Andrea Flex Copyright © 2017 Xiaotian Liu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The aim of this study was to estimate the dynamics of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prevalence and management rates based on a rural cohort study in Henan Province of China. The rural prospective study was conducted for 20194 Chinese population ≥18 years in 2007-2008 and followed during 2013-2014. A total of 14009 individuals were recruited for the prospective analysis ultimately. Over 5.74 years of follow-up, the age-standardized prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of T2DM increased from 6.18%, 44.41%, 34.39%, and 19.08% at baseline to 7.87%, 59.64%, 52.17%, and 26.52% at follow-up in total population, respectively. Similar changes were found in men and women except the age-standardized control in men. The four parameters of T2DM were higher among various factors at follow-up than those at baseline. There was no statistical difference in awareness () and treatment () in the newly diagnosed T2DM compared with the rates at baseline. The current study indicated that the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of T2DM displayed chronological increasing Continue reading >>
Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. - Home
3Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai, China. *These authors contributed equally to this work. Background: Diabetes is associated with genetic susceptibility, and family history is a risk factor. The study investigated the association between different family history risk levels and the prevalence of diabetes in a multi high-risk cohort and evaluated the impact of family history of diabetes on insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity. Materials and Methods: We analyzed data from 9754 adults who participated in the Shanghai High-Risk Diabetic Screen Project between 2002 and 2012. The association among three family history risk levels (mild, moderate, and high) with the prevalence of diabetes, insulin secretion, and insulin sensitivity was evaluated in the multi high-risk cohort. Results: Overall, 69.6%, 24.8%, and 5.6% of participants were categorized as having mild, moderate, and high familial risk, respectively. The standardized prevalence was higher in the high family history risk group (43.1%) than in the moderate group (37.3%) and in the mild group (23.5%) (P < 0.001). The odds ratios (ORs) were significantly increased in the moderate group (OR 1.27, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.15–1.40, P < 0.05) and in the high group (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.41–2.02, P < 0.05). Among the 3245 normal glucose tolerance participants, insulin secretion significantly declined with increasing levels of family history risk, but there were no significant differences in insulin sensitivity among the three groups. Conclusion: The prevalence of diabetes was i Continue reading >>
Increasing Prevalence Of Type 2 Diabetes In Chinese Adults In Shanghai
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine the secular trend in prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Shanghai, China. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Two consecutive population-based surveys for type 2 diabetes were conducted in randomly selected adults aged 35–74 years in Shanghai in 2002–2003 (n = 12,329) and in 2009 (n = 7,423). Diagnosed type 2 diabetes was determined based on self-report, whereas those undiagnosed were identified by measured fasting and postload glucose according to 2009 American Diabetes Association criteria. RESULTS Age-standardized prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed type 2 diabetes increased from 5.1 and 4.6% in 2002–2003 to 7.4 and 5.2% in 2009. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes increased with age and was higher among men and in urban residents in both surveys (P < 0.001). Between the two surveys, the increase in the prevalence was more evident in the rural population (P < 0.001) and appeared more rapid in younger birth cohorts (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that Shanghai has experienced an increasing burden of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is a major global health problem that affects over 285 million individuals worldwide (1). Over past decades, a continuous increase in prevalence of type 2 diabetes, which parallels a marked lifestyle transition and a worldwide epidemic of obesity, has been observed in both developed and developing countries (2). Unlike the gradual transition in most Western countries, these changes in China have occurred over a very short time (3). This may have led to a more rapidly increasing burden of type 2 diabetes. In this study, we evaluated the trend of type 2 diabetes in Chinese adults using the data derived from two population-based surveys in Shanghai. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In the 2002–200 Continue reading >>
Prevalence Of Diabetes Among Men And Women In China
Because of the rapid change in lifestyle in China, there is concern that diabetes may become epidemic. We conducted a national study from June 2007 through May 2008 to estimate the prevalence of diabetes among Chinese adults. A nationally representative sample of 46,239 adults, 20 years of age or older, from 14 provinces and municipalities participated in the study. After an overnight fast, participants underwent an oral glucose-tolerance test, and fasting and 2-hour glucose levels were measured to identify undiagnosed diabetes and prediabetes (i.e., impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance). Previously diagnosed diabetes was determined on the basis of self-report. The age-standardized prevalences of total diabetes (which included both previously diagnosed diabetes and previously undiagnosed diabetes) and prediabetes were 9.7% (10.6% among men and 8.8% among women) and 15.5% (16.1% among men and 14.9% among women), respectively, accounting for 92.4 million adults with diabetes (50.2 million men and 42.2 million women) and 148.2 million adults with prediabetes (76.1 million men and 72.1 million women). The prevalence of diabetes increased with increasing age (3.2%, 11.5%, and 20.4% among persons who were 20 to 39, 40 to 59, and ≥60 years of age, respectively) and with increasing weight (4.5%, 7.6%, 12.8%, and 18.5% among persons with a body-mass index [the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters] of <18.5, 18.5 to 24.9, 25.0 to 29.9, and ≥30.0, respectively). The prevalence of diabetes was higher among urban residents than among rural residents (11.4% vs. 8.2%). The prevalence of isolated impaired glucose tolerance was higher than that of isolated impaired fasting glucose (11.0% vs. 3.2% among men and 10.9% vs. 2.2% among women Continue reading >>
Prevalence And Control Of Diabetes In Chinese Adults
Importance Noncommunicable chronic diseases have become the leading causes of mortality and disease burden worldwide. Objective To investigate the prevalence of diabetes and glycemic control in the Chinese adult population. Design, Setting, and Participants Using a complex, multistage, probability sampling design, we conducted a cross-sectional survey in a nationally representative sample of 98 658 Chinese adults in 2010. Main Outcomes and Measures Plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1c levels were measured after at least a 10-hour overnight fast among all study participants, and a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test was conducted among participants without a self-reported history of diagnosed diabetes. Diabetes and prediabetes were defined according to the 2010 American Diabetes Association criteria; whereas, a hemoglobin A1c level of <7.0% was considered adequate glycemic control. Results The overall prevalence of diabetes was estimated to be 11.6% (95% CI, 11.3%-11.8%) in the Chinese adult population. The prevalence among men was 12.1% (95% CI, 11.7%-12.5%) and among women was 11.0% (95% CI, 10.7%-11.4%). The prevalence of previously diagnosed diabetes was estimated to be 3.5% (95% CI, 3.4%-3.6%) in the Chinese population: 3.6% (95% CI, 3.4%-3.8%) in men and 3.4% (95% CI, 3.2%-3.5%) in women. The prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes was 8.1% (95% CI, 7.9%-8.3%) in the Chinese population: 8.5% (95% CI, 8.2%-8.8%) in men and 7.7% (95% CI, 7.4%-8.0%) in women. In addition, the prevalence of prediabetes was estimated to be 50.1% (95% CI, 49.7%-50.6%) in Chinese adults: 52.1% (95% CI, 51.5%-52.7%) in men and 48.1% (95% CI, 47.6%-48.7%) in women. The prevalence of diabetes was higher in older age groups, in urban residents, and in persons living in economically developed regions. Continue reading >>
Causes Of Type 2 Diabetes In China
DOI: | Whiting, D, Unwin, N, and Roglic, G. Diabetes: equity and social determinants. in: E Blas, A Kurup (Eds.) Equity, social determinants and public health programmes. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; 2010: 77–94 Continue reading >>
Nearly Half Of Chinese Adults Have Diabetes Or Prediabetes
medwireNews: The latest survey of diabetes in China reports that 47% of the adult population had either diabetes or prediabetes in 2013. Writing in JAMA, the researchers Linhong Wang (Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing) and colleagues say that these figures indicate China “now has the world’s largest diabetes epidemic.” The survey, which was conducted with a nationally representative population of more than 170,000 participants, estimated that 10.9% of Chinese adults had diabetes and 35.7% – 388.1 million Chinese adults – had prediabetes. The prevalence of diabetes was significantly higher among men, those older than 40 years, those living in urban or economically developed areas, and overweight and obese participants (even when Asian-specific body mass index [BMI] cutoffs were used). The prevalence of diabetes was similar to that reported for the USA in 2011–2012, despite the average BMI of the participants being much lower. But analyses by BMI found that overweight Chinese participants had a far higher prevalence of diabetes than overweight US participants. The authors therefore surmise that “Asians may have a higher risk of developing diabetes at a given BMI,” although the difference was reduced when Asian-specific BMI cutoffs were applied. China has 56 ethnic groups, with Chinese Han forming the majority. The large sample size of this study provided, to the researchers’ knowledge, “the first direct comparison of diabetes prevalence among major minority groups in China within 1 survey” and allowed the identification of several interesting variations with respect to the prevalence of diabetes among the major minorities in China. Of the ethnic groups analyzed in this study (those with ≥1000 participants), Tibetan and Musl Continue reading >>
Diabetes In China - Challenges And Opportunities
Jiuhong WU (å´ä¹…鸿) Department of Pharmacy, 306 Hospital of PLA Pharmacoeconomics Committee of Chinese Diabetes in China – Challenges and Opportunities • Reality and Challenges – Epidemiology – Comorbidity – Economic and humanistic burden – Diagnosis, treatment, monitoring rates • Opportunities -examples – Community-based self-management network – Patient education – New technologies • Summary 2 0.70% 2.50% 2.60% 9.70% 11.60% 1980å¹´ 1994-1995å¹´ 2002å¹´ 2007-2008å¹´ 2010å¹´ Prevalence of Diabetes in China has increased rapidly to 11.6% in 2010 • 1994-1995 Epidemiology Study suggested a prevalence of 2.5% among 210,000 people 25-64 years old from 19 provinces2 • A 2002 nation-wide nutrition survey showed a 2.6% prevalence among people 18 years or older3. • 2007-08, a 14 province epidemiology study conducted by Chinese Diabetes Society gave an estimate of diabetes prevalence of 9.7% among adults 20 years or older 4 • In 2010 A cross-sectional nation-wide study among 98658 Chinese adults indicated a 11.6% prevalence5 1. 全国糖尿病防治å作组. 全国14 çœå¸‚30 万人å£ä¸ç³–尿病调查报告[J]. ä¸åŽå†…科æ‚å¿—, 1981, 20(11) : 678-683.7. 2. 全国糖尿病防治å作组. 1994 å¹´ä¸å›½ç³–尿病患病率åŠå…¶å±é™©å› ç´ [J]. ä¸åŽå†…科æ‚å¿—, 1997, 36(6) : 384-389. 3. æŽç«‹æ˜Ž, 饶克勤, å”çµèŠç‰. ä¸å›½å±…æ°‘2002å¹´è¥å…»ä¸Žå¥åº·çŠ¶å†µè°ƒæŸ¥. ä¸åŽæµè¡Œç—…å Continue reading >>
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- Mutual Involvement in Families With Type 2 Diabetes Through Web-Based Health Care Solutions: Quantitative Survey Study of Family Preferences, Challenges, and Potentials
Data Regarding The Prevalence And Incidence Of Diabetes Mellitus And Prediabetes
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) represents one of the highest challenges in our century, due to the fact that in the last 20 years the number of patients with DM has doubled, at present affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide, both in developed countries and in developing ones, as well. One of the most serious consequences of this increase is the onset of type 2 DM in children, adolescents and young people, the main causes being an unhealthy lifestyle: unhealthy food, lack of physical exercise, which, most of the times, lead to obesity. Also, DM is often associated to micro and macrovascular complications, thus determining disabilities and high costs in the healthcare systems, respectively. DM is one of the main causes of death all over the world, a reason for which there are required prevention programs worldwide. 2. Trăilescu A, Șerban V. Diabetul zaharat: istoric și importanță. În: Tratat Român de Boli Metabolice. Șerban V (ed). Editura Brumar, Timișoara, pp 63-68, 2010. 3. World Health Organization. The top 10 causes of death. Accesed on 1 feb 2016 at: 5. Haffner SM, Lehto S, Rönnemaa T, Pyörälä K, Laakso M. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 339: 229–234, 1998. 13. Qiao Q, Williams DE, Imperatore G, Narayan KM, Tuomilehto J. Epidemiology and geography of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In: International Textbook of Diabetes Mellitus, Fourth Edition. DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E, Zimmet P, Alberti G (eds). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK, pp 29-51, 2015. 18. Heidemann C, Du Y, Paprott R, Haftenberger M, Rathmann W, Scheidt-Nave C. Temporal changes in the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, undiagnosed diabetes and prediabetes: findi Continue reading >>
- Prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes in 15 states of India: results from the ICMR–INDIAB population-based cross-sectional study
- Differences in incidence of diabetic retinopathy between type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus: a nine-year follow-up study
- Incidence of End-Stage Renal Disease Attributed to Diabetes Among Persons with Diagnosed Diabetes United States and Puerto Rico, 20002014
Effectiveness Of A Family-based Diabetes Self-management Educational Intervention For Chinese Adults With Type 2 Diabetes In Wuhan, China
A quasi-experimental design with repeated measures was employed. Chinese patients with T2DM (N = 57) and their family members were assigned to 2 groups. The intervention group (n1 = 29) received a tailored 7-session educational intervention and the control group (n2 = 28) received routine care in the community. Data were collected at pre- and postintervention and at the end of the 3-month follow-up. Descriptive analysis and repeated-measures analysis of variance were used to analyze the data. Participants with T2DM in the intervention group showed significance in greater reductions in A1C, body mass index, and waist circumference and significant improvements in diabetes knowledge, diabetes self-efficacy, self-care activities, and health-related quality of life compared with those in the control group. Family members in the intervention group had significant improvements in diabetes knowledge and health-related quality of life. Continue reading >>
The Diabetes Epidemic In China Is A Public Health Emergency: The Potential Role Of Prenatal Exposure
Paul Z. Zimmet1,2, Assam El-Osta1, Zumin Shi2,3 1Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; 2South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; 3Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia Correspondence to: Paul Z. Zimmet, MD, PhD. Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Level 6, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne 3004, Australia. Email: [email protected] Provenance: This is a Guest Editorial commissioned by the Section Editor Tao Mao (Department of Health Education, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China). Comment on: Wang L, Gao P, Zhang M, et al. Prevalence and ethnic pattern of diabetes and prediabetes in China in 2013. JAMA 2017;317:2515-23. Received: 24 September 2017; Accepted: 02 October 2017; Published: 19 October 2017. Diabetes mellitus is one of the largest epidemics the world has ever faced (1). Globally, the number of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus has more than doubled over the past 20 years. The most recent global estimate from the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) is that in 2015 there were 415 million people with diabetes and that by 2040 the number will be 642 million (2). The global health expenditure was estimated at US$673 billion. The IDF estimates of the number of people with diabetes, and therefore the economic costs to society, are imprecise and underestimate the disease burden (3). It is very likely that both are significant underestimates. In the face of this information, there can be no doubt that the Peoples Republic of China is now the epicentre of this global diabetes epidemic (1). This is underlined by the recent report in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) “Prevalence and Ethnic Pattern of Diabetes and Predi Continue reading >>
Original Article Prevalence And Control Status Of Diabetes And Related Risk Factors Among 4196 Chinese Male Older Elderly Aged ≥80 Years
Diabetes had become one of the major public health problems. However there was little information about the situation among older elderly, those who were aged more than 80 years old and usually had a worse health conditions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and control status of diabetes among 4196 Chinese male older elderly. A cross-sectional study was conducted in all the cadre sanitariums in Beijing. 4196 men aged≥80 years old were included in this study. The prevalence of diabetes was 38.1% among this male older elderly. Among participants with diabetes, the awareness rate, treatment rate and control rate were 84.4%, 60.6% and 36.6% respectively among those with diabetes. Age, marital status, physical activity, BMI, combined chronic diseases, and polypharmacy were related with diabetes management. Age was reversely associated with diabetes management. Participants, who were divorced/widowed, overweight/obesity, had more combined chronic diseases, and had polypharmacy, had worse diabetes management. The ORs of BMI≥24 kg/m2 for treatment and control rates were 0.53 (95%CI: 0.42–0.66) and 0.17 (95%CI: 0.13–0.26). The ORs of polypharmacy for awareness, treatment and control rates were 0.38(95%CI: 0.28–0.53), 0.17(95%CI: 0.13–0.26) and 0.70 (95%CI: 0.53–0.90). The prevalence of diabetes was up to 38.1%, among this male older elderly. The awareness rate was high; however the treatment and control rates were relatively low. Age, marital status, lifestyles, obesity, combined chronic diseases, and polypharmacy were related risk factors with diabetes management. Continue reading >>
Exposure To The Chinese Famine In Childhood Increases Type 2 Diabetes Risk In Adults1,2,3
Abstract Background: Evidence shows that exposure to poor conditions in early life is associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases in adults. Objective: We investigated whether exposure to the Chinese famine (1959–1961) in the fetal stage or in childhood (0–9 y) was associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and hyperglycemia in adulthood. Methods: We included 7801 subjects aged 56.4 ± 3.3 y from the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort. Subjects were classified into late-, middle-, and early-childhood–exposed, fetal-exposed, and unexposed groups. Excess mortality rate was used to evaluate the severity of famine. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the famine-dysglycemia associations. Generalized linear models were used to assess the famine effects on dysglycemia risk during the 5-y follow-up period among 3100 subjects. Results: In descriptive analyses, the risk of T2D was significantly greater in the middle-childhood–exposed group (OR: 1.44; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.87; P = 0.007), and the risk of hyperglycemia was higher in the middle- and late-childhood–exposed groups than in the unexposed group (OR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.26, 1.88 and OR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.23, 1.85, respectively). In sex-specific analyses, women exposed in middle childhood (OR: 1.55; 95% CI: 1.16, 2.06) and late childhood (OR: 1.40; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.87) had a higher risk of T2D than unexposed women. This association was not found in men. Similar associations were found for hyperglycemia risk. Moreover, subjects who experienced severe famine in childhood had a 38% higher T2D risk (95% CI: 1.05, 1.81) than those exposed to less severe famine. In retrospective cohort analyses, participants who experienced famine in middle childhood had a higher hyperglycemia risk relative to the unexposed group (RR: 2.06; 95 Continue reading >>
