Type 1 And Type 2 Diabetes: What’s The Difference?
If your child or someone you know has been recently diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, you may be wondering how the disease differs from type 2 diabetes — the form people tend to know more about. What causes type 1 versus type 2 diabetes? Are the symptoms the same? And how is each treated? Here to clear up the confusion with an overview of key differences — and similarities — between these two types of diabetes are experts Julie Settles, M.S.N., A.C.N.P.-B.C., C.E.N., a clinical research scientist at Lilly Diabetes, and Rosemary Briars, N.D., P.N.P.-B.C., C.D.E., C.C.D.C., clinical director and program co-director of the Chicago Children’s Diabetes Center at La Rabida Children’s Hospital. Causes Diabetes, or diabetes mellitus, as it’s formally known in medical terms, describes a group of metabolic diseases in which a person develops high blood glucose (blood sugar). The underlying health factors causing the high blood sugar will determine whether someone is diagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which “the body’s immune system starts to make antibodies that are targeted directly at the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas (islet cells),” explains Briars. Over time, the immune system “gradually destroys the islet cells, so insulin is no longer made and the person has to take insulin every day, from then on,” she says. As for why this happens, Settles notes, “The immune system normally fights off viruses and bacteria that we do not want in our body, but when it causes diabetes, it is because something has gone wrong and now the body attacks its own cells.” Triggering this autoimmune response is a complex mix of genetic and environmental factors that researchers are still trying to fully understand. O Continue reading >>
How To Prevent The #1 Cause Of Death In African Americans
Although the CDC recently reported that only a fraction of persons all ages (13.5%) are in fair or poor health, there’s a long line of alarming statics surrounding health in the African American community. Take for instance that in 2011-2014, 37.6% of men 20 years and over suffered with obesity. While there’s nothing wrong with a little extra cushion for the pushing, compare that to the 56.9% of women 20 years and over suffering from obesity: a disorder involving excessive body fat that increases the risk of health problems – and things begin to get real. Not to mention, non-Hispanic blacks have the highest age-adjusted rates of obesity coming in at 47.8%. While obesity can be self-treated, by adopting a healthy lifestyle of diet and exercise, if left unaddressed it can lead to obesity-related conditions like heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes and certain types of cancer — some of the leading causes of preventable death. Oddly enough, the CDC goes on to report that heart disease, cancer and stroke are all leading causes of death in the Black community. So what is the number one cause of death in the African American community? Heart disease. In 2013, heart disease accounted for 23.8% of deaths in both the non-Hispanic black populations. On the other hand, cancer accounted for 22.5% of deaths. Improve Your Heart Health Starting Today With Meta Daily Heart Health –> click here <– So how does one help prevent developing one of these diseases – at any age? Top Cardiologist and researcher and former president of the American Heart Association, Dr. Clyde Yancy says that “50% of our efforts in reducing heart disease and stroke come from embracing better health choices. We’re talking lifestyle changes changes. We’re talking about good living, not just ex Continue reading >>
Rate Of Diabetes In China “explosive”
Healthy diet and exercise key to turning the tide BEIJING, 6 April 2016 - Almost 10% of all adults in China – about 110 million people – currently live with diabetes. Without urgent action to reduce lifestyle risk factors like unhealthy diet and lack of physical activity, that number is expected to increase to 150 million by 2040 – with major health, social and economic consequences. The theme of this year’s World Health Day is ‘Beat Diabetes’. This provides an opportunity to reflect on the causes of the increasing prevalence of the disease in China, as well as to discuss what can be done to stem the tide. Type 1 diabetes (sometimes called juvenile diabetes) is characterized by deficient insulin production and requires daily administration of insulin. The cause of Type 1 diabetes is unknown. Type 2 diabetes results from the body’s ineffective use of insulin. Type 2 diabetes comprises 90% of people with diabetes around the world, and is largely the result of excess body weight and physical inactivity. “Rates of Type 2 diabetes in China have exploded in the last couple of decades. In 1980, less than 5% of Chinese men had diabetes. Now, more than 10% do. This increase has been largely driven by unhealthy lifestyles – diets that are too high in sugar and fat, and people not getting enough physical activity,” said Dr Bernhard Schwartländer, WHO Representative in China. Even more startling is the fact that almost half of all adults in China – close to 500 million people – have prediabetes. Not only does this pose a risk factor for developing Type 2 diabetes, but also for other conditions such as cardiovascular disease. Unhealthy diets and lack of physical activity are driving increasing rates of overweight and obesity in China – which are themselves Continue reading >>
U.s. Youth With Type 1 Diabetes Overweight, But Obesity Epidemic Also Affecting European Youth
U.S. Youth with Type 1 Diabetes Overweight, but Obesity Epidemic Also Affecting European Youth U.S., Germany, and Austria pediatric type 1 diabetes population at increased risk for insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease; the downside of intensive insulin therapy BOSTON, July 8, 2015 – Adolescents with type 1 diabetes have not escaped the global obesity epidemic and those in the U.S. are significantly more overweight than their German and Austrian counterparts, according to a new study done by researchers from T1D Exchange. The findings are especially concerning as excessive weight puts adolescents with type 1 diabetes at higher risk for insulin resistance, severe hypoglycemia, and cardiovascular disease, which is the leading cause of death for type 1 diabetes patients. Researchers examined height and weight data of nearly 33,000 pediatric type 1 diabetes patients ages two through 18 via two massive databases: the T1D Exchange Clinic Registry, the most comprehensive type 1 diabetes database in the U.S., comprising more than 27,000 patients from 76 pediatric and adult endocrinology centers; and the Diabetes Prospective Follow-up (DPV) registry, a database with more than 40,000 patients from 209 centers in Germany and Austria. Nearly 40 percent of children in both registries were considered obese or overweight. However, children in the T1D Exchange Clinic Registry were more obese than those in the DPV (15 percent compared with 10 percent). The study, published online in The Journal of Pediatrics, is the first international comparison of body mass index (BMI) in pediatric type 1 diabetes patients. Historically, type 1 diabetes patients were often underweight because of ineffective methods of glucose control. However, the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) Continue reading >>
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Diabetes: Facts And Stats
CONTENTS PART 1: PREVALENCE OF DIABETES 03 Globally UK Diagnosed Undiagnosed Prevalence 04 Type 1 and Type 2 Children with diabetes PART 2: WHO IS AT RISK OF DIABETES? 06 Genes Ethnicity 07 Obesity Deprivation Gestational diabetes PART 3: THE IMPACT OF DIABETES 10 Cardiovascular disease 11 Kidney disease Eye disease 12 Amputation Depression Neuropathy 13 Sexual dysfunction Complications in pregnancy Dementia 14 Life expectancy and mortality Financial costs PART 4: DIABETES CARE 16 Diabetes care PART 5: REFERENCES 18 References DIABETES: FACTS AND STATS 01 CONTENTS FURTHER HELP If you need any more help with your communications or have a question about anything in this document, contact the Clinical team. OF DIABETES PREVALENCE PART ONE DIABETES: FACTS AND STATS 03 PART ONE: HOW COMMON IS DIABETES? GLOBALLY The estimated diabetes prevalence for adults between the ages of 20 and 79 worldwide for 2014 was 387 million and it is expected to affect 592 million people by 2035. It is estimated that 179 million people have undiagnosed Type 2 diabetes. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimated that in 2013 five countries had more than 10 million people with diabetes: China, India, the United States of America, Brazil, the Russian Federation. The IDF also reported that in 2013 the ten countries with the highest diabetes prevalence in the adult population were Tokelau (37.5%), Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Kiribati, Cook Islands, Vanuatu, Saudi Arabia, Nauru, Kuwait and Qatar (22.9%). Diabetes affects people in both urban and rural settings worldwide, with 64% of cases in urban areas and 36% in rural1. UK It is estimated that more than one in 16 people in the UK has diabetes (diagnosed or undiagnosed)2. There are 3.9 million people living with diabetes in the UK. DIAG Continue reading >>
What Causes Diabetes In Dogs? The Signs, Symptoms And What To Do About It
Did you know one out of every 300 dogs is diagnosed with diabetes? Especially in senior and middle aged dogs, diabetes is becoming frighteningly common in dogs today. Once your dog gets diabetes, he will most likely need insulin for the rest of his life. So it’s really important to do everything you can to prevent your dog from becoming diabetic. There are many things that can contribute to the risk of your dog getting diabetes … but the good news is, there are also lots of things you can do to help prevent it and minimize the risk. So we called on an expert to tell us how to do that. At Raw Roundup 2017, Dr Jean Hofve gave a talk on canine diabetes and its connection to diet and environmental factors and the best ways to prevent it. But first, what is diabetes and what’s the difference between the two types of the disease? What Is Diabetes? Diabetes is all about glucose and how the body handles it. All cells use glucose as their primary source of energy. The pancreas produces the hormones that control glucose … primarily insulin and glucagon. The pancreas is mostly made up of tissue that secretes digestive enzymes … but about 5% of the pancreas is made up of beta cells that produce insulin.The body’s cells need glucose for energy – it’s their primary fuel. But glucose can’t get into those cells without the help of insulin. Dr Hofve explains insulin as the key to a lock … the cells need the “key” (insulin) to let the glucose in. When glucose can’t get into the cells without insulin, it builds up in the blood. This causes hyperglycemia, meaning too much sugar in the blood (hyper = too much, glyc = sugar and emia = in the blood) This is why the pancreas and its creation of insulin is so important. And when it’s not working right, your dog can b Continue reading >>
Eating Themselves To Death
MEXICO has long been a country that derives extraordinary pleasure from eating and drinking—and it hasn’t minded the consequences much either. Gordo or gorda, meaning “chubby”, is used by both wives and husbands as a term of endearment. Pudgy kids bear proudly the nickname gordito, as they tuck into snacks after school slathered with beans, cheese, cream and salsa. Your correspondent, having just arrived to live in Mexico City after more than a decade away, finds the increase in waistlines even more staggering than the increase in traffic. Mexico has become one of the most overweight countries on earth, even more so than the United States; a quarter of its men and a third of its women are obese. Indecorously, the country has even come up with figures on figures: the Mexican Diabetes Federation says that among women between 20 and 49, the average waistline is 91.1cm (35.9 inches), more than 10cm above the “ideal” size. Stores are now full of large- and extra large-sized clothing. Time was, a prominent girth may have been enviable proof of relative prosperity. Now, it is a serious health risk. At a conference here on April 9th it was estimated that more than 10m Mexicans, or almost a sixth of the adult population, suffer from diabetes, largely because of over-eating and increasingly sedentary lifestyles. Mexico has the sixth most cases of diabetes in the world. Diabetes is one of the top two causes of death in the country, alongside (and occasionally overlapping with) heart disease. The diabetes federation says that the illness kills 70,000 people a year. However, it gets far less attention than much less deadly diseases such as HIV/AIDS, not to mention organised crime (which is responsible for roughly 60,000 deaths in the past six years). “It could get to t Continue reading >>
New Type 4 Diabetes Not Linked To Obesity
Original article written by Bradley J. Fikes for The San Diego Union Tribune on November 18, 2015. Click here to read the original article. A new type of diabetes that’s not associated with insulin deficiency or obesity has been discovered — in mice. In a study published Wednesday, researchers led by Salk Institute scientists found that in a mouse model of the disease regarded as predictive of human diabetes, some develop an unusual type that affects old, lean mice. This disease is caused by overactivity of a certain kind of immune system cell. The researchers call this new form Type 4 diabetes. The study was published in the journal Nature. Go to j.mp/type4diabetes for the study. If the study is confirmed in people — a big if — the public health implications would be profound. Diabetes can lead to blindness, kidney and heart disease, and poor blood circulation that can lead to amputation. Diabetes is usually associated with obesity, and a form that is not may escape detection because doctors aren’t looking for it. The study was led by the Salk’s Ronald Evans and Ye Zheng. Evans said it’s possible that millions of Americans have this type of diabetes. “Oftentimes people think that if they’re lean, they’re protected from diabetes, and most physicians would think that,” Evans said. The researchers envision a potential treatment by developing an antibody drug to reduce levels of these overactive immune cells. That will take at least a few years, Evans said. Evans estimates that about 20 percent of diabetics over 65 have this newly identified version, and may not be getting the proper care. More than 9.4 million diabetic Americans are over 65 as of 2012, according to the Kaiser Family Foundation. And that number doesn’t count those who haven’t been Continue reading >>
Obesity And Type 2 Diabetes: An Autoimmune Component?
When it comes to criticizing the modern diet, two of the biggest Paleo bones to pick are autoimmune disease and metabolic disease (the cluster of problems including obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, hypertension, PCOS, and others). The typical Paleo story is that the same foods cause both problems, but for different reasons – for example, refined flour might contribute to autoimmune disease because it contains gut irritants, and also contribute to metabolic disease via carb/calorie overload. There’s always been some overlap – for example, it’s common knowledge that autoimmune hypothyroidism can affect weight. But some new research suggests that it works the other way, too: metabolic diseases can provoke autoimmunity. Under this model, the distinction between autoimmune and metabolic diseases gets very blurry, which raises important questions about how people should eat to manage those problems. Autoimmunity in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes A recent study pointed out that obesity is associated with all kinds of autoimmune diseases. They connected obesity to… Multiple sclerosis Lupus Crohn’s Disease and ulcerative colitis (Inflammatory Bowel Disease) Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Type 1 Diabetes The authors’ explanation started out with the fact that fat cells don’t just hang out on your body storing energy. They’re metabolically active in their own right, and in particular, they control some powerful inflammatory messengers. The authors of the study suggested that inflammatory signals from fat cells affects the immune response, which makes obese people more prone to developing autoimmune reactions. Other recent research has examined Type 2 Diabetes as a disease with an autoimmune component. Type 2 Diabetes is the type of diabetes usually blamed on lifestyle (Type 1 o Continue reading >>
Obesity And Diabetes
Doctors and researchers have found that obesity and diabetes are connected. Persons who are obese are at high risk for developing Type 2 diabetes (also known as "insulin-resistant" or "adult-onset" diabetes), particularly if a close family member is affected with diabetes. Therefore, it becomes very important to maintain a healthy body weight throughout your life in order to protect yourself from developing a chronic disease like diabetes. As nurses associated with the Genetics of the Acadian People projects, we have been asked questions at public forums concerning obesity and diabetes. The following is a list of some of the most commonly asked questions, together with our answers and advice. Is obesity caused by a specific genetic defect? Researchers have not yet discovered a specific gene that causes obesity, although several genes are considered to be important in playing a part. However, we have come to understand that a person's genetic make-up can result in a predisposition to becoming obese. This means that a person may be particularly susceptible to becoming obese through experiencing risk factors in their life, like high calorie or high fat diets and lack of exercise. Your genetic make-up, which you have inherited from your parents, may contribute to your general body type, including how and where your body deposits fat in certain places such as buttocks or thighs. There seems to be a strong connection between abdominal fat and diabetes. What, then, is the major cause of obesity? The environment plays a much larger role in a person's likelihood of becoming obese than does any specific gene. By "environment," we mean not only what the outside world does to a person's body but also what enters a person's body through eating and drinking. The two main factors that Continue reading >>
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Child's Plague: Inside The Boom In Childhood Diabetes
When 7-year-old Gus Ramsey of Weston, Massachusetts, was found to have type 1 (juvenile) diabetes in September 2007, it seemed mere coincidence that Grayson Welo, age 6 and living around the corner, had been diagnosed with the same disease a few months before. After all, type 1 was considered rare—only about 15,000 new cases were diagnosed annually in the United States at the beginning of the decade, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). At least Gus’s parents could be reassured that they lived in a healthy community: Weston, population 11,134, is the wealthiest town in the state, with three golf courses, 13 soccer fields, 19 baseball diamonds, and not a single fast-food restaurant. Yet two months after Gus’s diagnosis, another child, Natalia Gormley, was found to have the disease on her tenth birthday. She lived on the other side of town. In January 2008 12-year-old Sean Richard was diagnosed. He lived less than a mile away. Then 8-year-old Finn Sullivan became the fifth case of type 1 diabetes diagnosed in Weston in less than a year. He lived on Gus’s block, just six doors down. And the cases kept on coming. Six-year-old Mya Smith, from nearby Wellesley, received the diagnosis in April. On June 15 came the jaw-dropper, when Walker Allen was diagnosed. His father, basketball star Ray Allen, scored 26 points two nights later in game six of the NBA Finals to give the Celtics their first championship in 22 years. Far more notable was Walker’s age: just 17 months. Weston’s school nurses had never seen anything like it. There were now eight children attending Weston public schools who had type 1 diabetes, including those who had been diagnosed in previous years. That number did not even include the local kids who were too young for s Continue reading >>
Diabetes
Overview If you just found out you have diabetes, you probably have a lot of questions and you may feel a little uncertain. But you’re not alone. In the United States, 23.6 million people have diabetes. Most of these people lead full, healthy lives. One of the best things you can do for yourself is to learn all you can about diabetes. This article will tell you some of the basics about diabetes. What is diabetes? Diabetes is a disease that occurs when a person’s body doesn’t make enough of the hormone insulin or can’t use insulin properly. There are 2 types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes occurs when your body’s pancreas doesn’t produce any insulin. Type 2 diabetes occurs when the pancreas either doesn’t produce enough insulin or your body’s cells ignore the insulin. Between 90% and 95% of people who are diagnosed with diabetes have type 2 diabetes. What is type 1 diabetes? Type 1 diabetes is also called insulin-dependent diabetes. It is sometimes called juvenile diabetes because it is usually discovered in children and teenagers, but adults may also have it. What is type 2 diabetes? Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body doesn’t produce enough insulin or the body’s cells ignore the insulin. Can children get type 2 diabetes? Yes. In the past, doctors thought that only adults were at risk of developing type 2 diabetes. However, an increasing number of children in the United States are now being diagnosed with the disease. Doctors think this increase is mostly because more children are overweight or obese and are less physically active. What is pre-diabetes? Pre-diabetes occurs when blood sugar levels are higher than they should be, but not so high that your doctor can say you have diabetes. Pre-diabetes is becoming more common in the United States. It grea Continue reading >>
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What Causes Type 2 Diabetes?
Insulin resistance and high levels of insulin and lipids all precede the development of metabolic dysfunction. Which metabolic factor is to blame? Type 2 diabetes is a multifactorial metabolic disease.1 Obesity, elevated levels of lipids and insulin in the blood, and insulin resistance all accompany the elevated blood glucose that defines diabetes. (Diabetes is defined as fasting blood glucose concentrations above 7 millimolar (mM), or above 11 mM two hours after ingestion of 75 grams of glucose.) But while researchers have made much progress in understanding these components of the metabolic dysfunction, one major question remains: What serves as the primary driver of disease? Lifestyle choices characterized by inactivity have been postulated as one possible cause. Researchers have also pointed the finger at nutrition, postulating that poor food choices can contribute to metabolic disease. However, there is thus far weak support for these hypotheses. Changing to a healthy diet typically does not result in significant weight loss or the resolution of metabolic dysfunction, and it is rare to reverse obesity or diabetes through increased exercise. Furthermore, there does not appear to be a strong relationship between body-mass index (BMI) and activity level, though exercise clearly has many other health benefits. With such macroscale factors unable to explain most cases of obesity and diabetes, scientists have looked to molecular mechanisms for answers. There are at least 40 genetic mutations known to be associated with type 2 diabetes. These genes tend to be involved in the function of pancreatic β cells, which secrete insulin in response to elevated levels of the three types of cellular fuel: sugar, fat, and protein. In healthy young adults, circulating glucose concent Continue reading >>
What's Your Type? With Diabetes, It Can Be Unclear
A drop in the number of newly-diagnosed diabetes cases is good public health news. But for the Type 1 diabetes community it's a source of frustration, because the numbers hide their story. Last month, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention announced that new cases of diagnosed diabetes among adults in the U.S. had finally dropped after decades of growth, from 1.7 million in 2008 to 1.4 million in 2014. The decline in new cases gives "confidence that our diabetes prevention efforts are working and we are moving in the right direction," CDC officials said via email to Shots. "We know that long-term lifestyle changes in those at high risk are critical to prevent Type 2 diabetes and maintain this progress." While it's certainly the right direction for the more common Type 2 diabetes, the findings don't apply to Type 1, a different condition that appears to be on the rise and that is not caused by obesity or lifestyle factors. Rather, Type 1 diabetes results from an autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. And while Type 2 diabetes is linked to obesity and can typically be managed with diet, physical activity, and various medications including insulin for some, Type 1 always requires insulin treatment, either with multiple daily injections or an infusion pump, and is far more labor-intensive to manage. Type 1 is believed to make up roughly 5 percent of the total 29 million adults and children in the U.S. who currently live with diabetes, or about 1.5 million people. But, the actual number isn't really known, and some surveys have suggested there may be twice that many. The new CDC numbers came from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), which asked adult respondents whether a health professional had ever told them they have diabete Continue reading >>
Symptoms
Print Overview Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect how your body uses blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is vital to your health because it's an important source of energy for the cells that make up your muscles and tissues. It's also your brain's main source of fuel. If you have diabetes, no matter what type, it means you have too much glucose in your blood, although the causes may differ. Too much glucose can lead to serious health problems. Chronic diabetes conditions include type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Potentially reversible diabetes conditions include prediabetes — when your blood sugar levels are higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as diabetes — and gestational diabetes, which occurs during pregnancy but may resolve after the baby is delivered. Diabetes symptoms vary depending on how much your blood sugar is elevated. Some people, especially those with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes, may not experience symptoms initially. In type 1 diabetes, symptoms tend to come on quickly and be more severe. Some of the signs and symptoms of type 1 and type 2 diabetes are: Increased thirst Frequent urination Extreme hunger Unexplained weight loss Presence of ketones in the urine (ketones are a byproduct of the breakdown of muscle and fat that happens when there's not enough available insulin) Fatigue Irritability Blurred vision Slow-healing sores Frequent infections, such as gums or skin infections and vaginal infections Although type 1 diabetes can develop at any age, it typically appears during childhood or adolescence. Type 2 diabetes, the more common type, can develop at any age, though it's more common in people older than 40. When to see a doctor If you suspect you or your child may have diabetes. If you notice any poss Continue reading >>
