The Cancer-diabetes Connection
Diabetes is the seventh-leading cause of death in the United States. In 2015, 30.3 million Americans had diabetes.1 Of these, 7.2 million had not received a diagnosis.1 About 1.5 million new cases are diagnosed each year in the United States.1 In addition, 84.1 million US adults had prediabetes.1 We are all familiar with the comorbidities associated with diabetes, such as amputations, diabetic retinopathy, heart disease, nephropathy, and peripheral neuropathy. But is there a correlation between diabetes and cancer? If there is, imagine the far-reaching effects that this association can have, given the growing number of patients with diabetes. Epidemiologic studies have found a definitive relationship between cancer and diabetes. These studies have presented evidence that the causal factor may be a single factor or a combination of factors. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) can double the risk of contracting endometrial, liver, and pancreatic cancers.2,3 In addition, T2D can increase the risk of bladder, breast, blood (eg, non-Hodgkin lymphoma), and colorectal cancers by 20% to 50%.2 However, the risk of prostate cancer in men with T2D is decreased.2 Type 1 diabetes can increase the risk of stomach cancer and cervical cancer,2 in addition to the same cancers as T2D, though to a lesser extent.2 Common risk factors for both cancer and diabetes fall into 1 of 3 categories but may also overlap. The categories are modifiable risk factors, non-modifiable risk factors, and biological links. Modifiable risk factors include alcohol and tobacco use, diet, physical activity, and weight. Overweight or obese individuals have a higher risk of several types of cancers compared with people whose body mass index is within the normal range.4 The cancers consistently associated with overweight or obe Continue reading >>
174_diabetes Type 2: Module 05
As in any disease, there are modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors that cause the disease. Genetics, gender, ethnicity, and age are all noncontrollable. People with type 1 diabetes who have a genetic predisposition to a heightened and destructive autoimmune response cannot control it. People who are over 65 and of African American descent are at greater risk for developing type 2 diabetes, but cannot control those factors. Following a brief discussion of genetics we want to focus on the controllable risk factors that we can modify to prevent diabetes. Genetics is like being handed a loaded pistol, but the lifestyle behaviors of obesity, overeating, sedentary lifestyle, and so on are what pull the trigger. It has been said 90% of all chronic diseases can be triggered or prevented by lifestyle choices, especially diet and exercise. A persons genome is a strong determinant of the chance of developing type 2 diabetes. For example, if a dizygotic (fraternal) twin develops type 2 diabetes, the chances are about 25% that the other twin will also develop the disease. The disease risk doubles if the twins are monozygotic (identical): if a monozygotic twin develops type 2 diabetes, the chances are about 50% that the other twin will also develop the disease (Maitra, 2009). People with these genetic predispositions, however, do not always develop clinical diabetes. It appears that, to develop type 2 diabetes, other health problems must intervene to activate or worsen the insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction (Maitra, 2009). People with a genetic predisposition may be able to prevent the full development of the disease by health-promoting lifestyle behaviors that prevent overweight and obesity. Type 2 diabetes is polygenic, meaning that it usually involves the expressio Continue reading >>
Understanding Your Risk For Heart Disease
Risk factors are conditions that increase your risk of developing a disease. Risk factors are either modifiable, meaning you can take measures to change them, or non-modifiable, which means they cannot be changed. Risk factors for heart disease are discussed below. You may also wish to calculate your risk of developing heart disease with our risk assessment tool. Non-modifiable Risk Factors Age According to American Heart Association computations, about 80 percent of people who die from cardiovascular disease are 65 years and older. Age itself increases your risk of developing heart disease. Gender Heart disease has long been considered to be primarily a men's disease. Although women tend to develop cardiovascular disease about 10 years later in life than men, the outcome for women is often worse. Read more about women and heart disease. Family history Your risk for developing heart disease increases if you have a relative who developed heart disease early, before age 55. If your parents developed heart disease later in life, it may be age-related rather than genetic. While you cannot change your genes, it is important to know your family medical history and share it with your doctor. Race African-Americans are at great risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Modifiable Risk Factors High blood pressure Blood pressure is recorded as two numbers with a ratio, like this: 120/80 mmHg. The top number, called systolic blood pressure, measures the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats. The lower number, called diastolic blood pressure, measures the pressure in the arteries between the heartbeats. High blood pressure is defined as over 140/90 on at least two separate occasions on separate days. Blood pressure should be measured at each doctor's office visit starting Continue reading >>
Pre-diabetes Non-modifiable Risk Factors
Half of all people over65 have pre-diabetes, and many people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are unaware of their condition.Some risk factors are inherited and some are acquired as we get older. As we age the chance of developing pre-diabetes goes up -- most people have increased risk after age 40. Somefactors that increase or decrease pre-diabetes risk are inherited from our parents. Having a close biological relative with diabetes may indicate you have higher risk. Certainethnic groupscarry a higher risk of developing diabetes, including those of African, Alaskan Native, American Indian, Asian, Hispanic/Latino, or Pacific Islander descent. Some pregnant womendevelopdiabetesuntilthe baby is born, and have a higher risk ofdeveloping diabetes again later in life. Regardless of the number of risk factors that apply to you, you can make choices to improve your bodys ability to manage your condition. Choose well and get the support you need to learn more about healthy lifestyles . This content was last reviewed August 2015. Continue reading >>
Risk Factors For Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Among Children And Adolescents In Basrah
Risk Factors for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus among Children and Adolescents in Basrah We are experimenting with display styles that make it easier to read articles in PMC. The ePub format uses eBook readers, which have several "ease of reading" features already built in. The ePub format is best viewed in the iBooks reader. You may notice problems with the display of certain parts of an article in other eReaders. Generating an ePub file may take a long time, please be patient. Risk Factors for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus among Children and Adolescents in Basrah Athar Abdul Samad Majeed, Mea, and Kadhum Hassan Environmental factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus, many of these factors have been uncovered despite much research. A case-control study was carried out to determine the potential maternal, neonatal and early childhood risk factors for type 1 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents in Basrah. A total of 96 diabetic patients who have been admitted to the pediatric wards at 3 main hospitals in Basrah, and those who have visited primary health care centers over the period from the 4th of November 2006 to the end of May 2007 were recruited. In addition, 299 non-diabetic children were included, their age ranged from 18 months to 17 years. Family history of type 1 diabetes mellitus and thyroid diseases in first and second degree relatives was found to be an independent risk factor for type 1 diabetes mellitus, (p<0.001). Regarding maternal habits and illnesses during pregnancy, the study has revealed that tea drinking during pregnancy is a risk factor for type 1 diabetes mellitus in their offspring, (p<0.05). In addition, maternal pre-eclampsia and infections were found to be significant risk factor for type 1 diabetes mellitus, Continue reading >>
Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes is a progressive condition in which the body becomes resistant to the normal effects of insulin and/or gradually loses the capacity to produce enough insulin in the pancreas. We do not know what causes type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is associated with modifiable lifestyle risk factors. Type 2 diabetes also has strong genetic and family related risk factors. Type 2 diabetes: Is diagnosed when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin (reduced insulin production) and/or the insulin does not work effectively and/or the cells of the body do not respond to insulin effectively (known as insulin resistance) Represents 85–90 per cent of all cases of diabetes Usually develops in adults over the age of 45 years but is increasingly occurring in younger age groups including children, adolescents and young adults Is more likely in people with a family history of type 2 diabetes or from particular ethnic backgrounds For some the first sign may be a complication of diabetes such as a heart attack, vision problems or a foot ulcer Is managed with a combination of regular physical activity, healthy eating and weight reduction. As type 2 diabetes is often progressive, most people will need oral medications and/or insulin injections in addition to lifestyle changes over time. Type 2 diabetes develops over a long period of time (years). During this period of time insulin resistance starts, this is where the insulin is increasingly ineffective at managing the blood glucose levels. As a result of this insulin resistance, the pancreas responds by producing greater and greater amounts of insulin, to try and achieve some degree of management of the blood glucose levels. As insulin overproduction occurs over a very long period of time, the insulin producing cells in the pan Continue reading >>
Type 1 Diabetes Risk Factors
There are several risk factors that may make it more likely that you’ll develop type 1 diabetes—if you have the genetic marker that makes you susceptible to diabetes. That genetic marker is located on chromosome 6, and it’s an HLA (human leukocyte antigen) complex. Several HLA complexes have been connected to type 1 diabetes, and if you have one or more of those, you may develop type 1. (However, having the necessary HLA complex is not a guarantee that you will develop diabetes; in fact, less than 10% of people with the “right” complex(es) actually develop type 1.) Other risk factors for type 1 diabetes include: Viral infections: Researchers have found that certain viruses may trigger the development of type 1 diabetes by causing the immune system to turn against the body—instead of helping it fight infection and sickness. Viruses that are believed to trigger type 1 include: German measles, coxsackie, and mumps. Race/ethnicity: Certain ethnicities have a higher rate of type 1 diabetes. In the United States, Caucasians seem to be more susceptible to type 1 than African-Americans and Hispanic-Americans. Chinese people have a lower risk of developing type 1, as do people in South America. Geography: It seems that people who live in northern climates are at a higher risk for developing type 1 diabetes. It’s been suggested that people who live in northern countries are indoors more (especially in the winter), and that means that they’re in closer proximity to each other—potentially leading to more viral infections. Conversely, people who live in southern climates—such as South America—are less likely to develop type 1. And along the same lines, researchers have noticed that more cases are diagnosed in the winter in northern countries; the diagnosis rate Continue reading >>
What Is Type 1 Diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes is a chronic disease. In type 1 diabetes cells in the pancreas that make insulin are destroyed, and the body is unable to make insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps your body’s cells use a natural sugar called glucose for energy. Your body obtains glucose from the food you eat. Insulin allows the glucose to pass from your blood into your body’s cells. Your liver and muscle tissues store extra glucose, also called blood sugar. It’s released when you need extra energy, such as between meals, when you exercise, or when you sleep. In diabetes mellitus type 1 the body is unable to process glucose due to a lack of insulin. This causes elevated blood sugar levels and can cause both short-term and long-term problems. Learn more: Defining 3 early stages of type 1 diabetes » The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. However, it is thought to be an autoimmune disease. The body’s immune system mistakenly attacks beta cells in the pancreas. These are the cells that make insulin. It’s also unknown why the immune system attacks beta cells. Risk factors for type 1 diabetes are poorly understood. However, some factors have been tentatively identified. Family history Family history may be important in some cases of type 1 diabetes. If you have a family member with type 1 diabetes, your risk of developing increases. Several genes have been tentatively linked to this condition. However, not everyone who is at risk for type 1 diabetes develops the condition. Many believe there must be some type of trigger that causes type 1 diabetes to develop. These could include: Race Race may be a risk factor for type 1 diabetes. It is more common in white individuals than in people of other races. The following are symptoms of type 1 diabetes: excessive hunger excessiv Continue reading >>
Ucsf Cardiovascular Care & Prevention Center
For persons over age 50, systolic blood pressure is more important than diastolic blood pressure as a cardiovascular disease risk factor. Starting at 115/75 mmHg, cardiovascular disease risk doubles with each increment of 20/10 mmHg throughout the BP range. Those with systolic BP of 120139 mmHg or diastolic BP of 8089 mmHg should be considered prehypertensive and require health-promoting lifestyle modifications to prevent cardiovascular disease. Smoking is the most preventable risk factor. Smokers have more than twice the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. On average, smoking costs 13 years to a male smoker and 14 years to a female smoker. Exposure to smoke (second hand smoking) increases the risk even for non smokers. Among adults over 18 years old in the US, about 20% are current smokers. Dont smoke! The cholesterol profile includes LDL (bad) cholesterol, HDL (good) cholesterol, triglycerides and total cholesterol. LDL cholesterol (low density lipoprotein) contributes to the artery blockages (plaques). Most people should aim at an LDL cholesterol level of 100 mg/dL or lower. If you are a very high risk of developing cardiovascular disease, or if you have already had a heart attack, you may need to aim at an LDL level below 70 md/dL. HDL cholesterol (high density lipoprotein) is a reverse-transport protein: it removes cholesterol from the arteries and takes it to the liver where it can be passed out of the body. High levels of HDL cholesterol lower your risk of developing cardiovascular disease. An HDL level of 60 mg/dL and over is considered excellent, providing you optimal protection. Triglyceride is the most common type of fat in the body. Many people who have heart disease or diabetes have high triglyceride levels. Normal triglyceride level is less than 15 Continue reading >>
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Non Modifiable Risk Factors Of Type 2 Diabetes Questions Food
Women with a history of gestational diabetes are at significantly increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes and many don't know Radiology; Rheumatology; Transplantation; Mcintire DD et al.: Pregnancy outcomes in women with gestational diabetes comparedwith the general obstetric Patient & Family Services. Persons with diabetes have a higher than normal potential for renal disease, Clinical Guidelines > ADA 2013 Guidelines - Diabetes and Pregnancy; ADA Guidelines: Detection and Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus GDM=gestational diabetes mellitus; OGTT=oral glucose tolerance test Chapter 9: The Diabetic Foot/Wound Care. diabetes type 2 diet australia. Doctors use glucose test strips to screen patients for diabetes. Insulin shock Risks, causes, treatment, and prevention. eat less of the foods you usually have. Diabetes and Pregnancy 37 An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline Diabetes and Pregnancy: CME Learning Objectives and Post-Test Questions LEARNING diabetes insipidus [in sipi ds] n. When consumed with food, moderate amounts of alcohol do not cause hypoglycemia (low blood With type 1 diabetes moderate consumption of The exact cause is unknown Non Modifiable Risk Factors Of Type 2 Diabetes Questions Food Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) Sometimes ketones are present in urine when blood sugar falls too low and the body has to use body fat to get energy. UMMC Blog; About Us; Careers; Ways You Can Help; Espanol; Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Living Longer and Healthier Lives. Non Modifiable Risk Factors Of Type 2 Diabetes Questions Food gestational diabetes affects about 4% or all pregnant women I am going off line for a few days to enjoy my family. See Patient information: Diabetes mellitus type 1: Insulin treatment (Beyond the Basics).) For people with t Continue reading >>
Type 1 Diabetes
Print Overview Type 1 diabetes, once known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes, is a chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin. Insulin is a hormone needed to allow sugar (glucose) to enter cells to produce energy. Different factors, including genetics and some viruses, may contribute to type 1 diabetes. Although type 1 diabetes usually appears during childhood or adolescence, it can develop in adults. Despite active research, type 1 diabetes has no cure. Treatment focuses on managing blood sugar levels with insulin, diet and lifestyle to prevent complications. Symptoms Type 1 diabetes signs and symptoms can appear relatively suddenly and may include: Increased thirst Frequent urination Bed-wetting in children who previously didn't wet the bed during the night Extreme hunger Unintended weight loss Irritability and other mood changes Fatigue and weakness Blurred vision When to see a doctor Consult your doctor if you notice any of the above signs and symptoms in you or your child. Causes The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. Usually, the body's own immune system — which normally fights harmful bacteria and viruses — mistakenly destroys the insulin-producing (islet, or islets of Langerhans) cells in the pancreas. Other possible causes include: Genetics Exposure to viruses and other environmental factors The role of insulin Once a significant number of islet cells are destroyed, you'll produce little or no insulin. Insulin is a hormone that comes from a gland situated behind and below the stomach (pancreas). The pancreas secretes insulin into the bloodstream. Insulin circulates, allowing sugar to enter your cells. Insulin lowers the amount of sugar in your bloodstream. As your blood sugar level drops, so does the secre Continue reading >>
Shared Risk Factors For Cancer
There are major shared modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in the association between type 2 diabetes and cancer, and hyperglycaemia itself - the hallmark of diabetes - typically appears to play a minor role if any. Non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex and race/ethnicity. Almost 90% of cancers and the majority of diabetes cases are diagnosed after the age of 50, and the risk of diagnosis of either disease increases with age. Males have a higher age-adjusted incidence of diabetes than females, and a similar trend is observed for many cancers. The risk of diabetes and of several cancer types is higher among certain ethnic groups, including African-Americans and First Nations, although socioeconomic differences and other biologic/genetic factors may influence this association. Modifiable risk factors include obesity, sedentary lifestyle, socioeconomic status, smoking, alcohol and medication. Obesity, in particular, is strongly implicated in the specific cancers most commonly associated with type 2 diabetes. Environmental and/or behavioural risk factors play a dominant role in determining risk of type 2 diabetes and cancer, and these risks are potentially modifiable. The association between diabetes and cancer is potentially confounded by a range of risk factors common to both conditions, and hyperglycaemia itself - the hallmark of diabetes - may be of little importance in determining the association. Associated risk factors may be non-modifiable (age, gender, ethnicity), or modifiable (obesity, smoking, alcohol, inactivity). The relative importance of any given risk factor will vary with cancer type. Age: Almost 90% of cancers and the majority of diabetes cases are diagnosed after the age of 50, and the risk of diagnosis of either disease increases with age Continue reading >>
Chapter 4: Diabetes In Canada: Facts And Figures From A Public Health Perspective – Type 2 Diabetes
Chapter 4 – Reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes and its complications Introduction Type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of genetic, behavioural and environmental factors. Although no cure exists, there is growing evidence that type 2 diabetes and its complications can be prevented through the reduction of key risk factors. Currently, all the risk factors for type 1 diabetes are not well known, but researchers believe that interactions between genetic and environmental factors are involved (Chapter 5).1 Risk factors for type 2 diabetes can be classified as modifiable and non-modifiable. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed to reduce an individual's risk of developing type 2 diabetes and include unhealthy weight, physical inactivity, unhealthy eating, and smoking. Non-modifiable risk factors are individual characteristics, such as age, ethnicity, and family history of the disease. Research aimed at better understanding the multiple causes and their interactions continues. Understanding the distribution of risk factors within the population is useful for predicting future trends in type 2 diabetes incidence and prevalence, as well as trends in diabetes complications and mortality. It also provides information that can help in the planning of prevention interventions. Key modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes Overweight and obesity Overweight, and particularly obesity, is the most important risk factor for type 2 diabetes and its complications. Excess body weight impairs the effectiveness of insulin use in the body, leading to increased demand on the pancreas to produce insulin. This demand cannot be met indefinitely and insulin production eventually declines, leading to type 2 diabetes. Overweight and obesity also increase an individual's ri Continue reading >>
Risk Factors For Diabetes: Type 1, Type 2, And Gestational
This article is about risk factors for diabetes mellitus. Usually just called diabetes, this is a disease that occurs when the body does not make or use insulin in the way it should. Diabetes results in a person having too much of a type of sugar, called glucose, in their blood and not enough in their cells. At least 1 in 4 people with diabetes does not know that they have the disease. Knowing risk factors for diabetes is very important for preventing the damage it can cause. If a person knows what these factors are, they can see a doctor early to find out if they have, or are at risk of, diabetes. There are three main kinds of diabetes: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Each of these is briefly described below, along with their important risk factors. Type 1 diabetes In type 1 diabetes, the body makes no or very little insulin. It affects around 5 percent of those with diabetes. It is treated with either insulin injections or an insulin pump, along with diet. The main risk factors for type 1 diabetes include: Family history. Having a parent or sibling with type 1 diabetes increases the chances of a person having the same type. If both parents have type 1, the risk is even higher. Age. Type 1 diabetes usually affects younger people. Ages 4 to 7 and ages 10 to 14 are the most common. Type 1 diabetes may occur at other ages, although it does so less often. Genetics. Having certain genes may increase the risk of type 1 diabetes. Your doctor can check for these genes. Where a person lives. Studies have found more type 1 diabetes the further away from the equator a person lives. There may be other risk factors for type 1 diabetes. Researchers are currently investigating these. Type 2 diabetes The body can still make some insulin, but is not able to use it the way it Continue reading >>
Complications Of Diabetes Mellitus
The complications of diabetes mellitus are far less common and less severe in people who have well-controlled blood sugar levels. Acute complications include hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, diabetic coma and nonketotic hyperosmolar coma. Chronic complications occur due to a mix of microangiopathy, macrovascular disease and immune dysfunction in the form of autoimmune disease or poor immune response, most of which are difficult to manage. Microangiopathy can affect all vital organs, kidneys, heart and brain, as well as eyes, nerves, lungs and locally gums and feet. Macrovascular problems can lead to cardiovascular disease including erectile dysfunction. Female infertility may be due to endocrine dysfunction with impaired signalling on a molecular level. Other health problems compound the chronic complications of diabetes such as smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, elevated cholesterol levels, and lack of regular exercise which are accessible to management as they are modifiable. Non-modifiable risk factors of diabetic complications are type of diabetes, age of onset, and genetic factors, both protective and predisposing have been found. Overview[edit] Complications of diabetes mellitus are acute and chronic. Risk factors for them can be modifiable or not modifiable. Overall, complications are far less common and less severe in people with well-controlled blood sugar levels.[1][2][3] However, (non-modifiable) risk factors such as age at diabetes onset, type of diabetes, gender and genetics play a role. Some genes appear to provide protection against diabetic complications, as seen in a subset of long-term diabetes type 1 survivors without complications .[4][5] Statistics[edit] As of 2010, there were about 675,000 diabetes-related emergency department (ED) visits in the Continue reading >>
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