Beyond Diabetes: Fight Cancer, Aging, Dysbiosis
Metformin is a standard anti-diabetic drug, taken by millions since 1957. It is currently being prescribed to over 150 million individuals worldwide. R R Contents Metformin was discovered in 1922. R It is one of the few miracle drugs that has ever been created. Many of the benefits metformin seems to have is through increasing production of butyrate and HDAC inhibition, in butyrate deprived diabetes patients. Metformin is a biguanide derived from the plant Galega officinalis. R G. officinalis is rich in guanidine, which has helped create other biguanides. R Other biguanides have been used for diabetes, such as phenformin and buformin, but they are commonly associated with lactic acidosis. R Metformin is notorious for the treatment of pre-diabetes, type 1 and type 2 diabetes. R It lowers blood sugar/suppress glucose production in liver. R It can lower hemoglobin A1c levels. R It doesn’t help diabetic retinopathy. R It increases cortisol regeneration (by 11-beta-HSD1). R Metformin also inhibits oxLDL-increased LOX-1 expression and oxLDL-collapsed AKT/eNOS levels (probably via SIRT1 and AMPK). R 2. Protects The Heart and Lungs Metformin can lower the risk of heart disease. R It helps chronic heart failure (by improving VE/VCO2 slope). R It also attenuates lung fibrosis development (suppressing NOX4). R Metformin can increase the bioavailability of nitric oxide, decrease the formation of AGEs, intercellular cell adhesion molecules (ICAMs) & vascular cell adhesion molecules (VCAMs). R 3. Improves The Gut Microbiome Metformin improves gut microbiota. R It increases intestinal glucose uptake and lactate production, increases GLP-1 concentrations, serotonin, and histamine and increases the bile acid pool within the intestine, and alters the microbiome. R Metformin can increas Continue reading >>
Anxiety Is A Side Effect Of The Long Time Use Of Metformin. Is It True?
I am familiar with anxiety (Hello darkness my old friend) but I had to research metformin. Lets understand type 2 diabetes first “There are many forces at work when a patient is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance is one of them, where the hormone insulin is not used effectively and too much sugar is left in the blood.” Information about metformin “What is metformin? Metformin is an oral diabetes medicine that helps control blood sugar levels. Metformin works to make the body's cells more sensitive to insulin and decreases the amount of sugar naturally produced in the liver Metformin is used to improve blood sugar control in people with type 2 diabetes. It is sometimes used in combination with insulin or other medications, but this medicine is not for treating type 1 diabetes.” So it's a drug primarily for type-2 diabetics (insulin resistant) that prevents blood sugar from reaching dangerous levels. A google search showed me that patients on Metformin do experience anxiety. So you are not alone.I don't really understand why the anxiety occurs though. I can imagine that a type 1 diabetic (insulin dependent ) would experience the anxiety that accompanies low blood sugar , but type 2 diabetics rarely experience low blood sugar(I'm sure they sometimes wished they did). It is possible. There is a biological state called pseudo-hyperglycemia when blood sugars are abnormally elevated for long periods of time , thus becoming the bodies new “normal” so to speak. When the blood sugar drops from that elevated state back to the persons “normal” I would imagine they would experience some distress, maybe manifested as anxiety. More information below. The point I want you to take away from this is that anxiety may be a symptom that your blood sugar isn't Continue reading >>
Can B12 Deficiency Cause Depression And Anxiety?
Depression, Anxiety: All In Your Head? One of the most remarkable papers I have read in the psychiatric literature was about a 57 year old woman who was treated with months of both antipsychotic and antidepressant medications and given two rounds of electroconvulsive treatment before anyone bothered to check her vitamin B12 level. Her symptoms were years in the making including tearfulness, anxiety, movement abnormalities, constipation, lethargy, and eventually perceptual disturbances (hearing her name called) and the ultimate in severe psychiatric pathology: catatonia. Despite her inpatient treatment, she remained suicidal, depressed, and lethargic. Within two months of identifying her deficiency, and subsequent B12 treatment, she reverted to her baseline of 14 years previous, and remained stable with no additional treatment. If this is not a wake up call to the average psychiatric prescriber, I’m not sure what is. Much of what we attribute to serotonin and dopamine “deficiencies” melts away under the investigative eye of a more personalized style of medicine that seeks to identify hormonal, nutritional, and immune imbalances that can “look” psychiatric in nature. How Can B12 Impact Brain Health? B12 supports myelin (which allows nerve impulses to conduct) and when this vitamin is deficient, has been suspected to drive symptoms such as dementia, multiple sclerosis, impaired gait, and sensation. Clinically, B12 may be best-known for its role in red blood cell production. Deficiency states may result in pernicious anemia. But what about B12’s role in psychiatric symptoms such as depression, anxiety, fatigue, and even psychosis? The one-carbon cycle refers to the body’s use of B vitamins as “methylators” in DNA synthesis and the management of gene expres Continue reading >>
Mutations Metformin Depression
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Metabolic Syndrome Causes Mental Health Symptoms?
How? What’s the connection? Recent reviews emphasized that there seems to be a “two-way street” between metabolic syndrome and factors like depression, anger, and tension.Raikkonen, Mansur Women in their study who had those three symptoms — depression, anger, and tension — were more likely that those who did not have them to develop metabolic syndrome during 7 years of study observation. However, in addition, women who had metabolic syndrome at the beginning of the study were more likely than those without the syndrome to develop symptoms of anxiety and anger even when those were not present at the beginning of the 7-year period. In other words, mood symptoms are associated with developing the syndrome; and the syndrome is associated with developing symptoms, at least anxiety and anger. Exactly how this association works is not clear. Whether the symptoms themselves somehow cause the syndrome; or whether the symptoms come along with some other condition, such as severe sustained stress, which causes the metabolic changes — that question has not been addressed yet. Here’s one more case report which strengthens the connection: Dr. Rasgon at Stanford presents a case of a depressed woman with the metabolic syndrome variant called PCOS, whose severe depression responded not to an antidepressant but to treating her PCOS.Rasgon Want one more sliver of evidence? Read a report from a woman whose husband gets mood symptoms when he “slips” off his Atkins diet — interesting, right?] In 2004 Dr. McElroy and colleagues reviewed the relationship between weight and mood and concluded: (1) depression with atypical symptoms [more common in bipolar disorder, which itself was associated with overweight] in females is significantly more likely to be associated with overw Continue reading >>
Anxiety And Depression In Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review And Meta-analysis
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published literature comparing women with PCOS to control groups on anxiety and depression. Electronic databases were searched up to 17 December 2010. The inverse variance method based, as appropriate, on a random- or fixed-effects model in Review Manager, Version 5 was used to analyse the data. Twelve comparative studies were included; all studies assessed depression (910 women with PCOS and 1347 controls) and six also assessed anxiety (208 women with PCOS and 169 controls). Analysis revealed higher depression (Z = 17.92, P < 0.00001; Hedges’ g = 0.82; 95% CI 0.73–0.92) and anxiety (Z = 5.03, P < 0.00001; Hedges’ g = 0.54; 95% CI 0.33–0.75) scores in the participants with, than without, PCOS. Studies controlling for BMI showed a smaller difference between women with PCOS and controls on anxiety and depression scores than studies not controlling for BMI. Women with PCOS on average tend to experience mildly elevated anxiety and depression, significantly more than women without PCOS. Women with PCOS with lower BMI tended to have slightly lower anxiety and depression scores, suggesting that having a lower BMI reduces anxiety and depression. Future studies might consider (i) controlling for BMI, (ii) stratifying by medication use in order to control for any anti-androgenic effects of medication and (iii) excluding women with polycystic ovaries from control groups. Cryopreservation of human oocytes represents a fundamental adjunct in assisted reproduction technologies. Although for several years the efficiency of oocyte cryopreservation has been rather unsatisfactory, refinement of slow-freezing methods and the introduction of vitrification have recently improved the clinical outcome of oocyte cryopreservation (Ku Continue reading >>
Got The Blues? Pcos And Depression
Since starting PCOS Diet Support, I have had the privilege of connecting with so many women with PCOS, all of them with stories different to my own, but with so many common threads. One of the topics that seems to keep raising is head is “PCOS and Depression”. So, I thought that this week we could tackle the topic of Depression and work out if a PCOS diet can also help with this more hidden and sneaky symptom. Before we all get too depressed (excuse the pun!) with this topic, let me suggest a cup of spearmint tea to raise your spirits and lower your testosterone. We are going to find the silver lining so bear with me. A free 6 lesson course that has helped women with PCOS around the world learn how to see lasting changes in their PCOS symptoms. Ready to join? As you may know, I went off birth control in 2009 in the hopes of conceiving. For at least 4 or 5 months after stopping the pill and before I was diagnosed, I went into a deep depression. There was no colour to my days and I was living in survival mode, going through the motions from one day to the next. My marriage started to suffer as I didn’t find any joy in my marriage, my family or my work. I didn’t even realize that I felt as bad as I did. Things finally reached breaking point and I needed some answers. That’s when my research began. As I investigated PCOS further, I knew that I was depressed and I needed help. I will never forget that feeling of hopelessness and despair. Being diagnosed with PCOS, although devastating, also gave me an action plan. I knew the nature of the beast and I could then find the best means for controlling it. As I made diet and lifestyle changes, my mood began to improve and stabilize. Don’t get me wrong, I still sometimes wake up irritable (and by irritable, I mean I can Continue reading >>
Health Navigator New Zealand
Easy-to-read medicine information about metformin – what it is, how to take metformin safely and possible side effects. Type of medicine Also called Anti-diabetic medication (to treat diabetes) Belongs to a group of medicines called biguanides Metformin What is metformin? Metformin is in a class of medications called biguanides and is used to treat type 2 diabetes. It works by decreasing the amount of glucose you absorb from your food, decreasing the amount of glucose made by your liver, increasing your body's response to insulin (a natural substance that controls the amount of glucose in the blood) and increasing the use of sugar by your muscles. It can be used alone or with other medicines, including insulin, to treat diabetes. Metformin is also used for polycystic ovarian syndrome under specialist care as this is an unapproved indication (read more NZ Formulary) Dose The usual dose for adults with diabetes starts with 500 mg (1 tablet) 1–2 times daily, increased gradually as tolerated to 1.5–2 g daily in divided doses. Your doctor will usually start you on a low dose and increase the dose gradually, depending on your blood sugar level. This allows your body to get used to the medicine and reduces unwanted side effects. You may be asked to record your blood sugar levels over this time so your doctor can see how well the metformin is working. Always take your metformin exactly as your doctor has told you. The pharmacy label on your medicine will tell you how much metformin to take, how often to take it, and any special instructions. Ask your pharmacist if you have any questions relating to your medication. Treatment for diabetes is usually lifelong. Keep taking metformin everyday to control your diabetes. Speak to your doctor, nurse or pharmacist before stopping. Continue reading >>
Depression
Depression is a state of psyche characterized by a spectrum of negative feelings ranging in scope from minor unhappiness to overwhelming despair. Though generally associated with emotional or psychological symptoms, depression can be accompanied by severe pain or other physical symptoms as well; depression is capable of dramatically influencing the lives of those it affects. Recent data estimate the overall prevalence of depression at about 11.1% of the American population, or nearly 35 million individuals (CDC 2010), and predictive models suggest that up to 50% of the population will experience at least one episode of depression during their lives (Andrews 2005). The framework underlying the pathogenesis of depression is complex and variable among individuals; both psychological and biological factors influence a person’s state of mind at any given time. For example, emergent research links depression with several metabolic phenomena, including inflammation, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress. Intriguing preliminary data also suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a previously unappreciated role in depression. Moreover, the role of hormones in depression is considerable, including stress hormones (glucocorticoids) and sex hormones (testosterone, estrogen). Many people affected by depression may be suffering from hormonal imbalances that are significantly contributing to their symptoms (Howland 2010). The mainstream medical establishment relies heavily upon psychoactive drugs that manipulate brain chemistry as the frontline treatment (ICSI 2011). Unfortunately, the success rate of pharmacologic intervention for depression is a mere 50% or less and these medications are fraught with potential side effects, including a proclivity to increase suicidal ideatio Continue reading >>
The Role Of Pharmacogenomics To Guide Treatment In Mood And Anxiety Disorders
Pharmacogenetic Pharmacodynamics CYP450 P-glycoprotein Drug transporter Depression Anxiety This article is part of the Topical Collection on Mood and Anxiety Disorders The clinical and genetic heterogeneity of even the most clearly defined illnesses makes therapeutics largely empirical, with the choice and dose of most medications being derived from clinical trials of homogeneous samples, particularly in psychiatry [1]. However, different cases of the same disorder can vary substantially at a molecular level, making it difficult to know exactly which treatment, and at which dose, is optimal [2]. Despite the continued release of new medications for depression and anxiety, nothing has emerged that is clearly superior, although a particular treatment may be optimal for a specific patient. As a result, multiple medication trials may be necessary before an effective treatment is found. Research linking disease phenotypes to mutations in more than 3000 of the 25,000 mapped genes in the human genome, completion of the Human Genome Project, and decreased costs of genome sequencing have increased confidence that genetic approaches may identify clinically meaningful predictors of effectiveness and/or side effect burden of psychiatric medications [3, 4, 5]. This article expands on recent reviews [6, 7, 8, 9] to address dimensions of genetic testing in the diagnosis and treatment of anxiety and depression that include studies of the relationship between genotype and phenotype, with a critical discussion of the nature of the evidence of utility of any type of genetic testing in actual clinical practice. Principles and Methodologies of Genetic Testing Pharmacogenomics is the study of variations in the structure or expression of multiple specific genes on medication actions. The term Continue reading >>
Metformin Brand Names In Australia | Best Quality
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5 Surprising Causes Of Memory Loss
You can't find your keys or you forget an appointment. For many people in middle age or older, simple acts of forgetfulness like these are scary because they raise the specter of Alzheimer's disease. But Alzheimer’s is not the only health issue that can lead to forgetfulness, which is often treatable if you know the cause, according to the National Institute on Aging. Memory loss can happen at any age and for a number of reasons. “Patients might experience memory loss and describe their symptoms similarly, but a doctor can tease apart what parts of the brain are affected,” says Seth Gale, MD, a neurologist at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston. He points out things like polypharmacy (taking several medications), significant depression, and poor sleep that can lead to memory complaints. “When you drill down and find out what is actually happening with brain function, you can reassure someone. They have the capacity to learn and store information but because of their overloaded mental resources, they are having trouble,” says Dr. Gale. Talk with your doctor about concerns you may have about your memory, so the condition responsible for your symptoms can be addressed. Discussing your symptoms and taking various tests, possibly including an MRI, may help your doctor determine what is affecting your memory, Gale says. In some cases, one or more of the following issues could play a role. 1. Sleep Apnea This common but treatable sleep disorder causes breathing to stop briefly and frequently throughout the night. It is linked to memory loss and dementia, according to Constantine Lyketsos, MD, director of the Memory and Alzheimer's Treatment Center at Johns Hopkins Medicine and professor and chair of psychiatry at Johns Hopkins Bayview. You might have sleep apnea Continue reading >>
Glucose Self-monitoring: Think Twice For Type 2 Patients
Go to: ILLUSTRATIVE CASE Two weeks ago, you informed your patient—a 53-year-old man with a body mass index of 28.4—that he has type 2 diabetes. Since then, he has seen a nutritionist and begun exercising regularly. His hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is 7.7%. You recommend that he begin taking metformin. The patient is worried about the potential for oral antidiabetic agents to cause hypoglycemia. He’s aware that many patients with diabetes monitor their blood sugar levels at home and wants to know if he should, too. You wonder whether it’s necessary, or even advisable, to initiate self-monitoring at this time. For patients with type 2 diabetes, self-monitoring of blood glucose makes intuitive sense. Theoretically, it reinforces self-management behaviors, promotes adherence to the prescribed medication regimen, and leads to better glucose control. It seems obvious, too, that patients taking medications intended to lower blood sugar need to be aware of their glucose levels so they can take action to reduce the risk of complications. But things that make sense intuitively do not always stand up to scrutiny. New high-quality evidence suggests that for those with newly diagnosed diabetes, self-monitoring of blood glucose may do more harm than good. Continue reading >>
Metformin For Outpatients With Psychosis
Metformin was modestly helpful in reducing weight and triglycerides in typical outpatients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective psychosis. Obesity and cardiovascular disease risks are elevated in patients with schizophrenia and contribute significantly to premature death in these patients. Previous studies of metformin in schizophrenia patients have involved highly selected populations and have yielded inconsistent results. In this first-ever, randomized, controlled trial of metformin added to ongoing psychiatric medication, 148 typical outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (mean age, 43) were randomized to 16 weeks of metformin (increased as tolerated to 1000 mg twice daily) or placebo. All patients were taking one or two antipsychotics and received diet and exercise counseling. Patients with diabetes mellitus were excluded. At entry, participants had a mean weight of 101.9 kg (mean body-mass index, 34.6) and averaged marginally high triglyceride levels (150.3 mg/dL). Mean total, low-density and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and hemoglobin A1C levels were within normal ranges. Completers included 77% of metformin patients and 82% of placebo patients. Metformin was associated with greater weight loss (3.0 vs. 1.0 kg with placebo; reduction in weight, 2.8% vs. 1.0%) and improvement in triglyceride levels (–7.0 vs. +13.2 mg/dL). Adherence to metformin was excellent, with no major related adverse events. This study did not standardize diet or extent of exercise. Still, in this population, add-on metformin was associated with modestly improved weight and triglyceride levels. The differences in triglyceride levels seem particularly noteworthy. Other research suggests that patients taking metformin for longer periods are likely to experience e Continue reading >>
Lexapro And Wellbutrin For Anxiety And Depression
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