Humulin N Can Be Mixed With Or In The Same Syringe Humulin R Regular Insulin
humulin N can be mixed with or in the same syringe humulin R regular insulin Humulin n can be mixed with or in the same syringe This preview shows page 3 out of 3 pages. humulin N can be mixed with ------- or ------ in the same syringe: humulin R (regular insulin); rapid-acting insulinlong-lasting insulin: a. determir (Levemir), glargine (Lantus)which drugs cannot be mixed with other insulin or given intravenously: levemir and lantuswhich vial is tall and has a green top: levemir vialwhich vial is tall, narrow, purple print on the label, and has a purple top: lantuswhich drug do patients report more pain at the injection site: long-acting insulin in comparison with humulin N or NPH insulinwhich insulins are usually mixed: fast-acting and intermediate-actingExample of rapid acting and intermediate acting insulin: 1. Novo log mix 70/30 & humalog 75/25Example of fast acting and intermediate acting insulin: Humulin 70/30Novolin 70/30Humulin 50/50Which insulin is regularly mixed with protamine: Regular insulinWhich insulin is always drawn up first: RegularWhich injection is absorbed more rapidly & why: Intramuscular in comparison to subq bc muscle has more blood vessels than fatty tissuesA)What does a volume greater than 3ml causeB) what is the exception: a) Increased muscle tissue displacement & possible tissue damageB) occasionally 5ml of magnesium sulfate can be injected into dorsoglutealHow do you give a dose greater than 3ml: Split it & give at different sitesWhat is the avg needle length: 1.5 inEx of diluent: Bacteriostatic water or salineHow long can unused drug solutions be stored: 48 hrs to 1 weekbolus: iv pushwhat are the two methods to administer iv fluids and drugs: continuous iv infusion and intermittent iv infusionwhat does continuous iv infusion do: replaces Continue reading >>
Understanding R, N, And Premixed Insulins
Share: Sometimes due to choice, cost, insurance coverage you may find yourself on N, R, or pre-mixed insulin. The following is some information to understand what the types are, how they are taken, and who might be taking them. What is R insulin and when should I take it? Regular or R insulin is clear in color, considered short acting, and is available in names including: Humulin R, Novolin R, ReliOn R. This insulin starts working in 30 minutes and lasts for about 5-8 hours. Regular insulin is taken 30 minutes before meals. It helps to provide coverage for your meals. If you use in combination with N insulin, you would take it before breakfast and dinner. If skipping a meal, you would skip your R insulin. How much is R insulin? R insulin is considerably cheaper than rapid acting analogs such as Humalog or Novolog. Check with your pharmacy for exact pricing. What is N insulin and when should I take it? NPH (N) is a cloudy colored, intermediate acting insulin, and is available as Humulin N, Novolin N, ReliOn N. It starts working in about 1-3 hours, and can last for approximately 10-18 hours. N insulin helps to cover in between your meals and the N you take at breakfast will still be working at lunch to cover your meal. It is essential that you have lunch every day, about 4-5 hours after you inject your N at breakfast. If you do not have lunch, you will be at risk for going too low. The N you take at bed will work during the night to help regular your morning glucose levels. You should have a small bed time snack. NPH or N insulin would be taken with breakfast and before bed for better fasting glucose levels, however instead of giving it at bed, it may be given before dinner also. How much is N insulin? N insulin is a cheaper alternative to longer acting insulins. Check wi Continue reading >>
Using Humulin R With Humulin N - Diabetes In Dogs: The K9diabetes.com Forum
Diabetes Discussion: Your Dog Anything related to your diabetic dog. In Nov 2011 I got up around 6pm, after nursing Lily (at the time 6 months old), to find my Yorkie/Silky limp on the bathroom floor. My husband was in the middle of the Indian Ocean and I was alone! I picked her up, grabbed the baby and put both in the car and then got our other dog and took her as well to the vet. Mandy (the diabetic) was tested and found to have a BG of 790 and was in diabetic ketoacidosis. I was told they closed in an hour I had to take her to the ER vet. At 2am, still waiting to be seen, I broke down and was no longer weeping but full blown wailing out crys for help. She spent the weekend there and then I took her to the vet. She was put on Humalin NPH 5u 2 times a day. It has been 6 months and she is still uncontrolled...until a few days ago. I had asked my vet for other options other than Humalin N and was told I could put her in a 24 insulin. I told him that is the problem...she doesnt eat when you want her to eat and doesnt always eat the same amount and even worse she never ate dog food before all this happened. We were now mixing diabetic dog food with water in a mixer and syringe feeding her and she went from 15 lbs to 11! She wasnt overweight to begin with and now she is starving! (BTW she was on long term steriods for a skin allergy which caused the diabetes). I said that the problem is she needs a fast acting short duration insulin to give her when she does eat. He said that is not possible. I found this hard to believe seeing how insulin trials have to be tested on animals! He said no way to the Humalin R (fast and short). So i did a bit of reseach and found that I could get it and I did. I AM NOT A VET AND NOT A DOCTOR - just presenting this information as a possible so Continue reading >>
Insulin Administration
Loss of drug effect if inhaler is mishandled. See full labeling. At the beginning of a meal or within 20mins after starting a meal SC: May mix with NPH insulin. Draw NovoLog into syringe first. Inject immediately after mixing. May dilute with Insulin Diluting Medium for NovoLog to 1:10 (U10) or 1:2 (U50) concentrations. CSII: Do not dilute or mix with other insulins CSII: Change inj site at least every 3days and reservoir at least every 6days. Within 15mins before a meal or 20mins after starting a meal SC: May mix with NPH insulin. Draw Apidra into syringe first. Inject immediately after mixing. CSII: Do not dilute or mix with other insulins CSII: Change inj site at least every 48hrs and reservoir at least every 2days. SC: May mix with HumulinN. Draw Humalog into syringe first. Inject immediately after mixing. May dilute with STERILE DILUENT for Humalog to 1:10 (U10) or 1:2 (U50) concentrations. CSII: Do not dilute or mix with other insulins CSII: Change inj site at least every 3days and reservoir at least every 7days. SC: May mix with longer-acting human insulins. Draw clear insulin into syringe first. 3 times daily within 30mins before a meal May mix with Humalog or Humulin R. Draw clear insulin into syringe first then HumulinN. Rotate vial to mix. Should look uniformly cloudy. Use syringes marked with U100. May mix with other insulins. Draw clear insulin into syringe first then NovolinN. Rotate vial to mix. Should look uniformly cloudy. Use syringes marked with U100 or U40. Inject rapidly over 24secs to avoid clogging needle tip. Roll vial, prefilled syringe 10 times until uniformly cloudy. insulin isophane suspension (NPH)/ regular insulin (R) Do not change the ratio by adding NPH or Regular insulin to the vial. Use separate insulin formulations (Novolin N and Novo Continue reading >>
Humulin R, 100 Units (lilly), Drug Reference Encyclopedia
THIS Lilly HUMAN INSULIN PRODUCT DIFFERS FROM ANIMAL-SOURCE INSULINS BECAUSE IT IS STRUCTURALLY IDENTICAL TO THE INSULIN PRODUCED BY YOUR BODY'S PANCREAS AND BECAUSE OF ITS UNIQUE MANUFACTURING PROCESS. ANY CHANGE OF INSULIN SHOULD BE MADE CAUTIOUSLY AND ONLY UNDER MEDICAL SUPERVISION. CHANGES IN STRENGTH, MANUFACTURER, TYPE (E.G., REGULAR, NPH, LENTE), SPECIES (BEEF, PORK, BEEF-PORK, HUMAN), OR METHOD OF MANUFACTURE (rDNA VERSUS ANIMAL-SOURCE INSULIN) MAY RESULT IN THE NEED FOR A CHANGE IN DOSAGE. SOME PATIENTS TAKING HUMULIN (HUMAN INSULIN, rDNA ORIGIN) MAY REQUIRE A CHANGE IN DOSAGE FROM THAT USED WITH ANIMAL-SOURCE INSULINS. IF AN ADJUSTMENT IS NEEDED, IT MAY OCCUR WITH THE FIRST DOSE OR DURING THE FIRST SEVERAL WEEKS OR MONTHS. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas, a large gland that lies near the stomach. This hormone is necessary for the body's correct use of food, especially sugar. Diabetes occurs when the pancreas does not make enough insulin to meet your body's needs. To control your diabetes, your doctor has prescribed injections of insulin products to keep your blood glucose at a near-normal level. You have been instructed to test your blood and/or your urine regularly for glucose. Studies have shown that some chronic complications of diabetes such as eye disease, kidney disease, and nerve disease can be significantly reduced if the blood sugar is maintained as close to normal as possible. The American Diabetes Association recommends that if your pre-meal glucose levels are consistently above 130 mg/dL or your hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c) is more than 7%, consult your doctor. A change in your diabetes therapy may be needed. If your blood tests consistently show below-normal glucose levels you should also let your doctor know. Proper control of your diabet Continue reading >>
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Update On Insulin Treatment For Dogs And Cats: Insulin Dosing Pens And More
Authors Thompson A, Lathan P, Fleeman L Accepted for publication 19 February 2015 Checked for plagiarism Yes Peer reviewer comments 3 1School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia; 2College of Veterinary Medicine Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA; 3Animal Diabetes Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Abstract: Insulin therapy is still the primary therapy for all diabetic dogs and cats. Several insulin options are available for each species, including veterinary registered products and human insulin preparations. The insulin chosen depends on the individual patient's requirements. Intermediate-acting insulin is usually the first choice for dogs, and longer-acting insulin is the first choice for cats. Once the insulin type is chosen, the best method of insulin administration should be considered. Traditionally, insulin vials and syringes have been used, but insulin pen devices have recently entered the veterinary market. Pens have different handling requirements when compared with standard insulin vials including: storage out of the refrigerator for some insulin preparations once pen cartridges are in use; priming of the pen to ensure a full dose of insulin is administered; and holding the pen device in place for several seconds during the injection. Many different types of pen devices are available, with features such as half-unit dosing, large dials for visually impaired people, and memory that can display the last time and dose of insulin administered. Insulin pens come in both reusable and disposable options. Pens have several benefits over syringes, including improved dose accuracy, especially for low insulin doses. Keywords: diabetes, mellitus, canine, feline, NPH, glargine, porcine lente Introduction Insulin the Continue reading >>
Humulin N (nph, Human Insulin Isophane (rdna Origin)) Dose, Indications, Adverse Effects, Interactions... From Pdr.net
Intermediate-acting Human Insulins and Analogs Intermediate-acting insulin with a longer onset and duration of activity when compared to regular insulin; hormone secreted by pancreatic beta-cells of the islets of Langerhans essential for the metabolism and homeostasis of carbohydrate, fat, and protein; usually requires >= 2 injections/day when used as a basal insulin. Humulin N/Novolin N Subcutaneous Inj Susp: 1mL, 100U For the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus or for type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately managed by diet, exercise, and oral hypoglycemics. NOTE: A consensus algorithm issued by the ADA and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes lists basal or intermediate-acting insulin as a second line or third line agent in patients with type 2 diabetes not controlled on oral drugs; metformin is the initial recommended therapy in all type 2 diabetics without contraindications. Once insulin is added, therapy can be intensified (e.g., addition of prandial insulin) to achieve optimal glycemic control. In patients who are receiving a sulfonylurea, the sulfonylurea should be discontinued when insulin therapy is initiated. The total daily dose is given as 1 to 2 injections per day, given 30 to 60 minutes before a meal or bedtime. Some patients may initially be given a single daily dose 30 to 60 minutes before breakfast, but 24-hour blood glucose control may not be possible with this regimen. Thus, a second injection given 30 to 60 minutes before dinner or bedtime may be required. When oral agents are used concomitantly in type 2 DM, a low initial dose of NPH insulin (e.g., 10 units) is often given in the evening. When used for intensive insulin therapy, NPH insulin is frequently mixed with a quick-acting insulin and given twice daily, although some patients w Continue reading >>
10 Steps To Prepare A Mixed Dose Of Insulin
Many individuals that have diabetes need to take insulin in order to keep their blood sugar in a proper range. For certain individuals that can be scary, particularly the first time. You should know that insulin shotsare actually not painful since the needles are thin and short. Also, the insulin shots are usually placed in the fatty tissue found below the skin. This is known as a subcutaneous injection. There are cases when the doctor prescribes a mixed insulin dose. This means that you need to take more than 1 type of insulin and you need to do that at once. With mixed dose, you will get the benefits of both longer-acting insulin and short-acting insulin without having two separate shots. In general, one of the insulin is clear and the other cloudy. Also, you should know that certain insulins cannot be mixed in one syringe. For example, you should never mix Levemir or Lantus with other solution. Always make sure to consult your diabetes educator, doctor or pharmacist before mixing. The steps below explain how to mix 2 different insulin types into one single shot properly. The first thing you need to do is prepare the supplies and remove the insulin vials from the refrigerator at least 30 minutes before the injection. Also, make sure to check the expiry dates. According to the guide of the manufacturer, you need to discard the vial 6 weeks after its first opening. Then, the next thing you need to do is to wash your hands properly and thoroughly with soap and water. You need to roll the vial of the cloudy insulin (long-acting or intermediate insulin) and do that until the white power dissolves. Remember, you should not shake the vial. Dip a cotton ball in alcohol or take an alcohol wipe an clean the rubber stopper found on insulin vials. Pull the plunger down and then Continue reading >>
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Proper Use
Drug information provided by: Micromedex Make sure you have the type (beef and pork, pork, or human) and the strength of insulin that your doctor ordered for you. You may find that keeping an insulin label with you is helpful when buying insulin supplies. The concentration (strength) of insulin is measured in USP Insulin Units and USP Insulin Human Units and is usually expressed in terms such as U-100 insulin. Insulin doses are measured and injected with specially marked insulin syringes. The appropriate syringe is chosen based on your insulin dose to make measuring the dose easy to read. This helps you measure your dose accurately. These syringes come in three sizes: 3/10 cubic centimeters (cc) measuring up to 30 USP Units of insulin, ½ cc measuring up to 50 USP Units of insulin, and 1 cc measuring up to 100 USP Units of insulin. It is important to follow any instructions from your doctor about the careful selection and rotation of injection sites on your body. There are several important steps that will help you successfully prepare your insulin injection. To draw the insulin up into the syringe correctly, you need to follow these steps: Wash your hands with soap and water. If your insulin contains zinc or isophane (normally cloudy), be sure that it is completely mixed. Mix the insulin by slowly rolling the bottle between your hands or gently tipping the bottle over a few times. Never shake the bottle vigorously (hard). Do not use the insulin if it looks lumpy or grainy, seems unusually thick, sticks to the bottle, or seems to be even a little discolored. Do not use the insulin if it contains crystals or if the bottle looks frosted. Regular insulin (short-acting) should be used only if it is clear and colorless. Remove the colored protective cap on the bottle. Do not Continue reading >>
When You Can't Afford The Insulin That You Need To Survive | How To Use The Cheap "old-school" Insulin
Note: BootCamp for Betics is not a medical center. Anything you read on this site should not be considered medical advice, and is for educational purposes only. Always consult with a physician or a diabetes nurse educator before starting or changing insulin doses. Did you know that all type 1 diabetics and some type 2 diabetics need injectable insulin in order to live? Put another way, if a diabetic needs insulin in order to live, and the diabetic does not get insulin, the diabetic will die. Diabetic death from Diabetic Ketoacidosis is a grisly process, during which acid starts running through your bloodstream, searing your vessels and organs while your body shrivels up in dehydration as it tries to push the acid out of your body through your urine and lungs, and, left untreated, the condition shuts down your organs one by one until you are dead. If you're lucky, your brain will be the first thing to swell itself into a coma and you'll be unconscious for the remainder of the organ failures. In some cases, this grisly diabetic death can take a few days or weeks to complete its process. Or, if you're one of the luckier less-resistant insulin-dependent type 2 diabetics, you may actually get away with staying alive for quite a few years and suffer only some heart disease, stroke, kidney damage/failure, neuropathy, limb amputations and blindness. (my intent in describing how lack of insulin leads to death is not to cause fear in people with diabetes or their loved ones; rather, my intent is to make clear the reality that injectable insulin is absolutely vital to diabetics who depend on injectable insulin to live) While I'd love to go off on a political rant about how insulin should be a basic human right for all insulin-dependent diabetics (and why the hell isn't it?), that' Continue reading >>
Humulin R Versus Humalog: A Side-by-side Comparison
Diabetes is a disease that causes high blood sugar levels. Left untreated, high blood sugar levels can cause many problems, such as heart and blood vessel disease, stroke, kidney failure, and blindness. Humulin R and Humalog are two different types of insulin that can help lower your blood sugar level. These drugs work in slightly different ways. In general, insulin lowers your blood sugar level by signaling to your muscle and fat cells to use sugar from your blood. It also signals your liver to stop making sugar. Depending on the type and severity of your diabetes, you may need to take insulin. We’ll compare and contrast Humulin R and Humalog to help you decide if one may be a good choice to treat your diabetes. Humulin R is a brand name for regular insulin. It is a short-acting insulin. That means that it takes about 30 minutes to reach your bloodstream and works for about three to six hours. Humalog is a brand name for insulin lispro, which is a fast-acting insulin. It takes about 15 minutes to start working, but it only lasts two to four hours. The following table compares more features of these two drugs. Humulin R Humalog What drug is it? Regular insulin (short-acting insulin) Insulin lispro (fast-acting insulin) What’s it used for? Blood sugar control in people with diabetes Blood sugar control in people with diabetes Do I need a prescription to buy this drug? No Yes Is a generic version available? No No What forms does it come in? Injectable solution, available in a vial for use with a syringe Injectable solution, available in a vial for use with a syringe. Injectable solution, available in a cartridge that you use in a device called a KwikPen How much do I take? Your doctor will tell you what dose to inject. This depends on your blood sugar readings and the Continue reading >>
Humulin L | Diabetes In Pets | Fandom Powered By Wikia
No Lente-type insulin regardless of species can contain any NPH / isophane insulin [13] or any R / Neutral insulin [14] [15] . Both are chemically impossible: the phenol preservative present in NPH / isophane alters the action of Lente-type insulins, creating a mixture with an approximate action of R / Neutral [16] . The zinc suspension of Lente-type insulin binds R / Neutral , causing the short-acting insulin to slow, losing its short-acting effect [17] [18] . Lente-type insulins cannot be dispensed in pen or cartridge form because the glass ball used to mix the insulin in these devices will shatter the Lente crystals [19] . None of the Lente family of insulins ( semilente , Lente , Ultralente ) can be combined with [20] NPH / isophane insulins. The phenol preservatives present in NPH -type insulins alters the Lente -types to the point where they become a close approximation of R / neutral , with regard to action [21] . Keeping the phenol preservatives in mind, all protamine - suspended insulin mixes would be "off limits" regarding same syringe mixing with any Lente -type insulins [22] . Insulin manufacturers [23] indicate that R / neutral and semilente , Lente , ultralente insulins are able to be combined in the same syringe, but only just before injection. In pre-filled syringes, the zinc suspension of the Lente -type insulins binds the R / neutral , causing it to lose its short-acting effect. Various studies have documented this, and some doctors advise against using R / neutral in the same syringe with the Lente family of insulins [24] [25] [26] [27] . The Novo insulins, Monotard and Ultratard , were available slightly longer in Europe. From the announcement: Monotard and Ultratard will not be available in the UK after February 2006. The discontinuation of these i Continue reading >>
Levemir To Nph 70:30
If mixing with NPH, rapid acting insulin should be drawn into syringe first. Mixture should be given immediately to avoid effects on peak action. $96 (10 ml vial). $184 (5x3 ml pen cartridges. Short Acting. Regular (Novolin R or. Humulin R). 0.5-1 hour. 2-4 hours. 4-8 hours. May be mixed with NPH in same syringe. Mixing. Humalog. Novolog. Apidra. Short-Acting. Regular. R Humulin, Novolin, ReliOn. Intermediate-Acting. NPH. N Humulin, Novolin, ReliOn. Basal. Glargine. Detemir. Lantus. Levemir. Premixed. 70/30 regular. 75/25 lispro. 70/30 aspart. 50/50. Humulin, Novolin, ReliOn. Humalog 75/25. Novolog Mix 70/30. Humulin, Humalog. Humulin N (NPH) Novolin N (NPH). LONG-ACTING INSULINS. Basaglar (insulin glargine) Lantus (insulin glargine) Levemir (insulin detemir) Toujeo (insulin glargine) Tresiba (insulin degludec). INSULIN COMBINATION PRODUCTS. Humalog Mix 75/25, 50/50 Humulin 70/30 Novolin 70/30 Novolog Mix. Detemir (Levemir). 1-2 hours. Relatively flat. Up to 24 hours. (dose-dependent). 3 mL FlexPen. Combinations. NovoLIN 70/30 or. HumuLIN 70/30. 0.5-1 hour. 2-10 hours. 10-18 hours. 70% NPH +30% regular insulin. Insulin action includes 2 peaks (1 from each formulation). Cloudy formulation. 3 mL vial. NovoLog Mix. Jun 16, 2005 . 70/30 insulin is 70% NPH and 30% regular. Patient AB is using 23.8, or 24 units of NPH and 10 units of regular. The regular insulin will be dosed in the hospital per sliding scale with either regular insulin or a rapid-acting insulin such as Lispro . To convert the NPH dose to Lantus , the dose can be reduced. each meal or 70/30 premix insulin. DC all oral agents except Metformin. Pre-meal bolus with rapid acting. OR regular insulin. AND. Lantus. (glargine). OR. Levemir. (detemir). OR. NPH insulin. A1C greater than 7% with optimal long acting (ba Continue reading >>
Insulin: How To Give A Mixed Dose
Many people with diabetes need to take insulin to keep their blood glucose in a good range. This can be scary for some people, especially for the first time. The truth is that insulin shots are not painful because the needles are short and thin and the insulin shots are placed into fatty tissue below the skin. This is called a subcutaneous (sub-kyu-TAY-nee-us) injection. In some cases, the doctor prescribes a mixed dose of insulin. This means taking more than one type of insulin at the same time. A mixed dose allows you to have the benefits of both short-acting insulin along with a longer acting insulin — without having to give 2 separate shots. Usually, one of the insulins will be cloudy and the other clear. Some insulins cannot be mixed in the same syringe. For instance, never mix Lantus or Levemir with any other solution. Be sure to check with your doctor, pharmacist, or diabetes educator before mixing. These instructions explain how to mix two different types of insulin into one shot. If you are giving or getting just one type of insulin, refer to the patient education sheet Insulin: How to Give a Shot. What You Will Need Bottles of insulin Alcohol swab, or cotton ball moistened with alcohol Syringe with needle (You will need a prescription to buy syringes from a pharmacy. Check with your pharmacist to be sure the syringe size you are using is correct for your total dose of insulin.) Hard plastic or metal container with a screw-on or tightly-secured lid Parts of a Syringe and Needle You will use a syringe and needle to give the shot. The parts are labeled below. Wash the work area (where you will set the insulin and syringe) well with soap and water. Wash your hands. Check the drug labels to be sure they are what your doctor prescribed. Check the expiration date o Continue reading >>
Mixing Long And Short Acting Insulins In Same Syringe Does Not Compromise Long-t
Mixing Lantus and rapid-acting insulins as Humalog or Novolog does not compromise glycemic control. Similar to what has been shown in short-term studies, rapid-acting insulin analogues (RAI) can be mixed with insulin glargine without compromising long-term glycemic control in children with type 1 diabetes, new research shows. The ability to give RAIs and insulin glargine in the same syringe has the potential to decrease the number of daily injections and increase use of insulin glargine, lead author Dr. Rosanna Fiallo-Scharer, from the University of Colorado in Denver, and colleagues note. As reported in the Journal of Pediatrics for April, the researchers compared glycemic control in 55 children who mixed insulin glargine and a RAI with that seen in 55 children who took separate injections. The ability to give rapid-acting insulin analogues (such as Apidra, NovoRapid) and long-acting insulin glargine (Lantus) in the same syringe has the potential to decrease the number of daily injections and increase use of insulin glargine, Dr. Rosanna Fiallo-Scharer, from the University of Colorado in Denver, and colleagues note in the Journal of Pediatrics The researchers compared blood sugar control in 55 children who mixed insulin glargine and a rapid-acting insulin analog with that seen in 55 children who took separate injections. Low and high blood sugar complications were uncommon and occurred with similar frequency in each group, the report indicates. After 6 months, HbA1c levels were nearly the same in each group, at 8.54 and 8.61. Likewise, the groups were comparable in terms of the percentages of blood glucose values that fell outside the target range. Hypoglycemic events and diabetic ketoacidosis events were uncommon and occurred with similar frequency in each group, the Continue reading >>
