Research Projects - Lifestyle, Overweight And Diabetes > Endeavor Environmental Determinants Of Lifestyle Behaviors And Risk Of Type 2 Diabetes And Cardiovascular Diseases > Background - Emgo
ENDEAVOR ENvironmental DEterminants of lifestyle behAViORs and risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (WC2015-084) Lifestyle behaviors are important determinants of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, accounting for up to 30 to 40% of chronic disease cases. In order to improve lifestyle behaviors, knowledge of the environmental and personal determinants of unhealthy lifestyle is essential. Prevention programmes for chronic disease often target at the individual level, while the environment is regarded as an important influence on an individual's behaviors and healthy choices. The role of the potentially modifiable environmental factors in determining health behaviors, may lead to important new insights for and targets of interventions to reduce chronic disease risk. Consistent evidence on associations between environmental determinants and health outcomes is still lacking. Therefore the present study aims to identify environmental determinants that are associated with type 2 diabetes risk, longitudinally, and to investigate whether these associations are mediated or moderated by lifestyle factors. Continue reading >>
Potential For The Prevention Of Type 2 Diabetes
Potential for the prevention of type 2 diabetes British Medical Bulletin, Volume 60, Issue 1, 1 November 2001, Pages 183199, Johan Eriksson, Jaana Lindstrm, Jaakko Tuomilehto; Potential for the prevention of type 2 diabetes, British Medical Bulletin, Volume 60, Issue 1, 1 November 2001, Pages 183199, Need for prevention and prevention strategies Type 2 diabetes is one of the most rapidly increasing chronic diseases in the world. The need for its primary prevention has been increasingly emphasised, although only during the past 1015 years 1 6 . The main justifications of prevention of type 2 diabetes are the possible prevention or postponement of complications related to type 2 diabetes in order to reduce both human suffering and the socio-economic burden on the community. It has been repeatedly shown that both symptomatic and asymptomatic diabetic patients have an increased prevalence of both macrovascular and microvascular complications by the time the disease is first diagnosed 7 9 . A Swedish study showed that 77% of all costs for the care of type 2 diabetes were due to its complications, mostly cardiovascular 10 . Also, in people with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), both mortality and the risk of cardiovascular disease are markedly increased 11 ,12 . It has been estimated that at the time of diagnosis of clinical type 2 diabetes only 5060% of the pancreatic -cell capacity is left, due to the fact that the disease process has already existed for more than 10 years 13 . Therefore, the optimal (and probably the only effective) strategy to reduce the increased burden of type 2 diabetes is primary prevention, i.e. to tackle the worsening of glucose intolerance before harmful effects of hyperglycaemia become permanent. The increased knowledge about the aetiology, patho Continue reading >>
Evaluation Of Environmental Risk Factors For Type 2 Diabetes In Sint Maarten
Received date: February 03, 2016; Accepted date: July 20, 2016; Published date: July 22, 2016 Citation: Chobanyan N, Allison Kruger K, Nebb S, Jackson G, Asin V, et al. (2016)Evaluation of Environmental Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes in Sint Maarten. JEnviron Anal Toxicol 6:386. doi:10.4172/2161-0525.1000386 Copyright: 2016 Chobanyan N, et al. This is an open-access article distributedunder the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permitsunrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the originalauthor and source are credited. A number of environmental risk factors have been reported to be associated with elevated blood glucose and diabetes. However, these associations have primarily been explored in Western populations and few studies have examined diabetic risk factors in novel populations such as the Caribbean. We examined whether exercise and food consumption is associated with blood glucose levels in the Caribbean population of Sint Maarten. Using cross-sectional data from Project HELP (Health, Education, Literacy, and Prevention), a collaboration between the American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine and Sint Maarten Ministry of Health, we estimated two logistic regression models predicting elevated blood glucose. The adjusted model included demographic, biological , and social/ behavioral covariates. Unhealthy food consumption was associated with decreased odds of elevated blood glucose in the first model (OR=0.19, p=0.04) but not significant in the adjusted model. All other factors were not significantly associated with blood glucose. It seems that the traditional environmental risk factors such as exercise and diet associated with blood glucose in most Western populations are not significant in Sint Continue reading >>
Risk Factors For Type 2 Diabetes
Research in risk factors for type 2 diabetes is moving at a breath-taking pace, and hundreds of risk factors have been identified. Age is the single most important risk factor for type 2 diabetes, and a large part of the current epidemic of type 2 diabetes seen in low-income countries is primarily explained by demographic changes, aging of the populations and declining mortality. However, the rapid global increase in incidence clearly supports that also biological, environmental and lifestyle-related factors play a major role for the development of type 2 diabetes. The current section summarises information on the most established risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Association and causation in type 2 diabetes An important use of epidemiological studies is the identification of modifiable causes of common diseases such as diabetes. In order to have firm evidence that a recommended intervention will have the expected beneficial effect, the observed association between the identified risk factor and the outcome must imply that the risk factor actually causes the disease. However, a statistical association does not necessarily infer causality. Some prefer the term risk marker for a variable that is quantitatively associated with a disease, but modification of the risk marker does not necessarily modify the risk of the outcome. Most likely, unmeasured confounding explains why a strong association may appear, even if no causal relationship exists between two variables. During the last decade, a substantial number of biomarkers for diabetes have been discovered. Well-known examples include a strong association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease or inflammatory markers with type 2 diabetes. Nevertheless, the extent to which these biomarkers are causally related to diabetes rem Continue reading >>
Social Determinants Of Type 2 Diabetes And Health In The United States
Diabetes Mellitus affects approximately 25.6 million individuals or 11.3% of those over age 20. It is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States[1]. Diabetes places the individual at risk for serious long term complications including blindness, cardiovascular disease, end stage renal disease, hypertension, stroke, neuropathy, lower limb amputations, and premature death[1]. Estimated annual healthcare cost in 2012 for diabetes and its resulting complications was $245 billion[2]. Given the considerable differences internationally in methods of allocating health care resources, systems of funding and/or paying for care, and cultural attitudes to health and health care, the purpose of this review of the literature is to examine current understanding of the social determinants affecting diabetes and health in the United States, and to make recommendations for future research. Historically, research and resulting clinical approaches focusing on the individual have led to improvement in self-management outcomes and reduction of cardiovascular risk factors; however, these short-term improvements have not been maintained over time. Researchers more recently have recognized the need to consider factors external to the individual, namely the social determinants of diabetes and health in order to achieve the goal of sustainable improvement in health outcomes[3,4]. For example, the United States government document Healthy People 2020 emphasizes the social and environmental factors that affect the individual and his/her health. A Healthy People 2020 goal for the diabetes health indicator is to reduce the disease and economic burden of diabetes mellitus, and improve the quality of life for all persons who have, or at risk for diabetes[5]. Social determinants of health are Continue reading >>
- Incidence of End-Stage Renal Disease Attributed to Diabetes Among Persons with Diagnosed Diabetes United States and Puerto Rico, 20002014
- Disparities in Diabetes Deaths Among Children and Adolescents United States, 20002014
- States investigate pharma companies, CVS Health as diabetes drug prices reach record highs
Type 2 Diabetes Causes: Environmental Factors - Type2diabetes.net
Several environmental factors have been identified as playing an important role in causing type 2 diabetes. These include being overweight or obese, not getting regular physical activity, smoking, and eating excess calories. You can lower your risk for developing type 2 diabetes and, if you have type 2 diabetes, improve your ability to control your high blood sugar by2: Getting to and staying at a healthier weight. By adopting a healthy pattern of eating and getting regular physical activity you can lose weight and decrease your diabetes risk. If you have diabetes, reducing your weight and keeping excess weight off will improve your ability to control your blood sugar. A strong body of research has shown that weight loss results in improved sensitivity to insulin and a correction in the balance of hormones involved in glucose control. Regular moderate physical activity. Regular moderate physical activity, such as walking briskly, has been shown to decrease risk for type 2 diabetes. Smoking. Studies have established a link between smoking and risk of developing diabetes (one study even showed that second-hand smoke increased risk). However, the link is not as clear as with obesity and lack of physical activity. Additionally, quitting smoking is sometimes accompanied by weight gain. You should definitely consider kicking the habit, if you smoke, but conventional wisdom says that you should also accompany smoking cessation with a plan for losing weight and getting regular physical activity. A healthy, carlorie-appropriate pattern of eating. When it comes to what you eat, most research shows that controlling calorie intake (and body weight) is the most important factor in decreasing risk for type 2 diabetes. Adopting an energy-appropriate, nutrient-dense pattern of eating Continue reading >>
Diabetes Hsc Pdhpe
Diabetes Dan Jackson 2016-02-18T15:50:26+00:00 Diabetes is a disease that relates to the bodies ability to control blood sugar levels using insulin. There are 3 main types: Type 1, type 2 and gestational. Type 1 is also referred to as early onset diabetes and is an autoimmune disorder. Type 1 is when the body no longer produces insulin to control blood sugar levels. People with type 1 require insulin injections in order to control blood sugar levels. Type 1 is often thought to be caused by a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Type 2 diabetes on the other hand is characterised by a breakdown in the efficiency of insulin. It is often pictured as a lock and key model, where insulin is the key and the bodies cells have a lock on the door that allows sugar into them. With type 2 the key and lock dont work properly, which leaves blood sugar levels high and the body releases more insulin in the hope of reducing some of the blood sugar. Type 2 is very lifestyle related and is caused by: physical inactivity, high sugar diet, hypertension, obesity, smoking and high blood lipids. Gestational diabetes is similar to type 2, but occurs during pregnancy. Itis linked with type 2 diabetes, with many women who are diagnosed with itbeing diagnosed with type 2 soon after childbirth. Gestational diabetes is a risk factor for complications during labour and is connected with a larger birth-weight. Diabetes can be the underlying cause of other chronic diseases such as: heart disease, liver disease, blindness and limb amputation. Diabetes causes 1 in 3 new cases of end-stage kidney disease There are 1 million people in Australia with diagnosed diabetes, and another of people are believed to beundiagnosed. 85% of these cases are type 2 and only 12% are type 1. Ove Continue reading >>
- American Diabetes Association® Releases 2018 Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes, with Notable New Recommendations for People with Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes
- Leeds diabetes clinical champion raises awareness of gestational diabetes for World Diabetes Day
- Diabetes doctors: Which specialists treat diabetes?
Diabetes Risk Factors
Diabetes is a condition that affects the body’s ability to use blood sugar for energy. The three types are type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Doctors usually diagnose type 1 diabetes in childhood, although it can occur in adults also. Type 1 diabetes affects the body’s ability to produce insulin. This hormone is vital to helping the body utilize blood sugar. Without enough insulin, the extra blood sugar can damage the body. According to the American Diabetes Association, 5 percent of all people with diabetes have type 1 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is a condition that affects a body’s ability to use insulin properly. Unlike people with type 1 diabetes, people with type 2 diabetes make some insulin. However, they can’t make enough to keep up with rising blood sugar levels. Doctors associate type 2 diabetes with lifestyle-related factors like obesity. Gestational diabetes is a condition that causes women to have very high blood sugar levels during pregnancy. This condition is typically temporary. Having risk factors does not mean that someone will get diabetes. Doctors don’t know the exact cause of type 1 diabetes. Family history of type 1 diabetes is considered a risk factor. According to the American Diabetes Association, the child of a man with type 1 diabetes has a 1 in 17 chance of developing type 1 diabetes. If a woman has type 1 diabetes, her child has a 1 in 25 chance if the child was born when the woman was younger than 25. Women with type 1 diabetes who give birth at age 25 or older have a 1 in 100 chance of having a child with type 1 diabetes. Having a parent with type 2 diabetes also increases diabetes risk. Because diabetes is often related to lifestyle choices, parents may pass on poor health habits to their children. This increases their risk Continue reading >>
- Are You at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes? Learn Common—and Not So Common—Risk Factors
- Symptoms of EARLY diabetes: Five risk factors putting YOU on course for type 2 diabetes
- Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Youth With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study
H3africa Multi-centre Study Of The Prevalence And Environmental And Genetic Determinants Of Type 2 Diabetes In Sub-saharan Africa: Study Protocol
H3Africa multi-centre study of the prevalence and environmental and genetic determinants of type 2 diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa: study protocol Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Institute of Human Virology and Greenebaum Cancer Center University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine MRC International Nutrition Group at MRC Keneba London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Division of Diabetic Medicine and Endocrinology Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health The burden and aetiology of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its microvascular complications may be influenced by varying behavioural and lifestyle environments as well as by genetic susceptibility. These aspects of the epidemiology of T2D have not been reliably clarified in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), highlighting the need for context-specific epidemiological studies with the statistical resolution to inform potential preventative and therapeutic strategies. Therefore, as part of the Human Heredity and Health in Africa (H3Africa) initiative, we designed a multi-site study comprising case collections and population-based surveys at 11 sites in eight countries across SSA. The goal is to recruit up to 6000 T2D participants and 6000 control participants. We will collect questionnaire data, biophysical measurements and biological samples for chronic disease traits, risk factors and genetic data on all study participants. Through integrating epidemiological and genomic techniques, the study provides a framework for assessing the burden, spectrum and environmental a Continue reading >>
- Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Youth With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study
- Africa: Does Nigeria Have the Most People With Diabetes in Sub-Saharan Africa?
- A1 beta-casein milk protein and other environmental pre-disposing factors for type 1 diabetes
Sociocultural, Socioeconomic And Environmental Determinants
related to the different groups of people in society and their habits, traditions, and beliefs. there are significantly higher rates of diabetes found in population groups such as ATSI. this group is 3 times more likely to develop diabetes then other Australians. a man with type 1 diabetes has a 1 in 17 risk for a child developing type 1 diabetes. If a woman has type 1 diabetes, her child has a 1 in 25 risk if the child was born when the woman was younger than 25. Women with type 1 diabetes who give birth at age 25 or older have a 1 in 100 risk of giving birth to a child with type 1 diabetes. Having a parent with type 2 diabetes also increases diabetes risk. Because diabetes is often related to lifestyle choices, parents may pass on poor health habits to their children. This is an important factor for types 2 diabetes. peoples habits also play a role in determining the likelihood of getting diabetes. if a person has grown up around bad habits, for example unhealthy eating and inactivity they are likely to follow the same habits, resulting in a higher chance of developing diabetes type 2. ATSI (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander) this culture are more at risk then other Australians due to less education about the risk factors and less access to medical services. this group falls under each determinant of health for many different reasons Socioeconomic determinants are the conditions in which people live; where they are born, grow up, live, work, and age. These conditions affect a person's health and vulnerability to disease and may vary by wealth, social status and gender. those who are less educated about diabetes and aren't aware of the risk factors that come with is are more likely to develop the disease. it is important to be educated on how to live a healthy lif Continue reading >>
- Type 2 diabetes, socioeconomic status and life expectancy in Scotland (2012–2014): a population-based observational study
- A1 beta-casein milk protein and other environmental pre-disposing factors for type 1 diabetes
- Environmental/lifestyle factors in the pathogenesis and prevention of type 2 diabetes
Environmental/lifestyle Factors In The Pathogenesis And Prevention Of Type 2 Diabetes
Abstract Environmental and lifestyle changes, in addition to the ageing of populations, are generally believed to account for the rapid global increase in type 2 diabetes prevalence and incidence in recent decades. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of factors contributing to diabetes risk, including aspects of diet quality and quantity, little physical activity, increased monitor viewing time or sitting in general, exposure to noise or fine dust, short or disturbed sleep, smoking, stress and depression, and a low socioeconomic status. In general, these factors promote an increase in body mass index. Since loss of β-cell function is the ultimate cause of developing overt type 2 diabetes, environmental and lifestyle changes must have resulted in a higher risk of β-cell damage in those at genetic risk. Multiple mechanistic pathways may come into play. Strategies of diabetes prevention should aim at promoting a ‘diabetes-protective lifestyle’ whilst simultaneously enhancing the resistance of the human organism to pro-diabetic environmental and lifestyle factors. More research on diabetes-protective mechanisms seems warranted. Background Over the past decades, there has been a major increase in type 2 diabetes (T2D) prevalence in most regions of the world [1]. After adjusting for the impact of ageing populations, diabetes prevalence in adults (85–95% T2D) almost doubled between 1980 and 2014 worldwide. Increases were more pronounced in low- and middle-income countries and in men compared to women [1]. Recognition of the environmental and lifestyle factors responsible for these changes in theory may lead to the development of strategies to decrease the number of new cases to reach those of 20–40 years earlier. This review presents the current state Continue reading >>
- Environmental/lifestyle factors in the pathogenesis and prevention of type 2 diabetes
- Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Youth With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study
- Factors related to lifestyle goal achievement in a diabetes prevention program dissemination study
Genetic And Environmental Determinants Of Type Ii Diabetes In Mexico City And San Antonio.
Genetic and environmental determinants of type II diabetes in Mexico City and San Antonio. Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 78284. To study genetic and environmental determinants of non-insulin-dependent (type II) diabetes, we compared a random sample of 35- to 64-yr-old Mexican-American men and women living in several low-income barrio neighborhoods of San Antonio to similarly aged Mexicans living in a low-income colonia of Mexico City (Colonia Liberales). A total of 1138 Mexican Americans, representing 64.3% of the original sample, and 646 Mexicans, representing 69.2% of the original sample, participated in the survey. Diabetes was diagnosed using World Health Organization criteria. Genetic susceptibility to type II diabetes was inferred from the percentage of Native American genetic admixture as estimated from skin reflectance measurements. The prevalence of diabetes was 36% higher among San Antonio Mexican Americans than among Mexicans in Mexico City; this difference was highly statistically significant (age- and sex-adjusted prevalence ratio 1.36, P = 0.006). This excess was observed despite the fact that genetic susceptibility, as inferred from the admixture estimates, was similar in the two cities. On the other hand, Mexicans were somewhat leaner as measured by body mass index and skin folds. Mexican women consumed fewer total calories than Mexican-American women, but there was no difference in the caloric intake of men. Mexico City residents ate less fat (18-19% of total calories vs. 31-32% in San Antonio, P less than 0.001), more carbohydrate (64-65 vs. 49%, P less than 0.001), and performed more physical activity than San Antonio Mexican Americans. Mexicans appeared to consume more refined sugar than Mexican Ameri Continue reading >>
Five Environmental Causes Of Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes is usually blamed on people’s genes or their behavior, not on the environment. But diabetes rates are soaring worldwide. Genes could not change that fast. Here are five ways environmental changes are causing diabetes. This information is updated from my book Diabetes: Sugar-Coated Crisis, published in 2007. Since then, things have changed, mostly for the worse. Hopefully, knowing how the environment makes people sick will help you protect yourself against it. Unhealthful food. People were not made to eat large quantities of refined carbohydrates — the “white things,” such as sweets, breads, pastas, etc. These foods don’t occur in nature and do not trigger normal digestion and absorption. Refined carbohydrates. Carbs that have had their bran and germ layers — which contain most of the fiber and nutrients — removed are widely available, cheap, taste good, and may well be addictive. They raise your serotonin and dopamine levels, making you feel good for a short while. Then your blood glucose drops and you feel miserable again, and you need another fix. Barriers to physical activity. People used to move their bodies in the course of work, food gathering, transportation, and recreation. Most of this is now done by machines, so you have to consciously seek physical activity. This is much harder when you have too many other demands, not enough support, and mixed motivation. (“Life is hard enough already without having to exercise.”) Stress. Stress is the body’s response to a threat, often called the “fight-or-flight” response. Stress hormones, particularly cortisol, raise blood glucose levels and blood pressure. They do this so muscles involved in fight or flight will have enough fuel. Under stress, only the cells actually being used to Continue reading >>
The Complex Interplay Of Genetic And Lifestyle Risk Factors In Type 2 Diabetes: An Overview
Scientifica Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 482186, 11 pages 1Genetic & Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden 2Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA 3Genetic Epidemiology & Clinical Research Group, Section for Medicine, Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, 90186 Umeå, Sweden Academic Editors: A. B. Abou-Samra, G. Da Silva Xavier, and B. R. Gauthier Copyright © 2012 Paul W. Franks. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the scourges of modern times, with many millions of people affected by the disease. Diabetes occurs most frequently in those who are overweight or obese. However, not all overweight and obese persons develop diabetes, and there are those who develop the disease who are lean and physically active. Certain ethnicities, especially indigenous populations, are at considerably higher risk of obesity and diabetes than those of white European ancestry. The patterns and distributions of diabetes have led some to speculate that the disease is caused by interactions between genetic and obesogenic lifestyle factors. Whilst to many this is a plausible explanation, remarkably little reliable evidence exists to support it. In this review, an overview of published literature relating to genetic and lifestyle risk factors for T2D is provided. The review also describes the concepts and rationale that have motivated the view that gene-lifestyle interactions cause diabetes and overviews the empiric Continue reading >>
Environmental Risk Factors For Developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review
Environmental Risk Factors for Developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review Tashi Dendup ,1,* Xiaoqi Feng ,1,2 Stephanie Clingan ,1 and Thomas Astell-Burt 1,2,* 1Population Wellbeing and Environment Research Lab (PowerLab), School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; [email protected] (X.F.); [email protected] (S.C.) 1Population Wellbeing and Environment Research Lab (PowerLab), School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; [email protected] (X.F.); [email protected] (S.C.) 2Menzies Centre for Health Policy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia 1Population Wellbeing and Environment Research Lab (PowerLab), School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; [email protected] (X.F.); [email protected] (S.C.) 1Population Wellbeing and Environment Research Lab (PowerLab), School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; [email protected] (X.F.); [email protected] (S.C.) 2Menzies Centre for Health Policy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia 1Population Wellbeing and Environment Research Lab (PowerLab), School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; [email protected] (X.F.); [email protected] (S.C.) 2Menzies Centre for Health Policy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia *Correspondence: [email protected] (T.D.); [email protected] (T.A.-B.); Tel.: +61-2-4221-5081 (T.D.) Received 2017 Nov 29; Accepted 2017 Dec 23. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an op Continue reading >>
- A1 beta-casein milk protein and other environmental pre-disposing factors for type 1 diabetes
- Environmental/lifestyle factors in the pathogenesis and prevention of type 2 diabetes
- Caffeinated and Decaffeinated Coffee Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and a Dose-Response Meta-analysis
