Mother To Child Transmission Of Diabetes Mellitus: Does Gestational Diabetes Program Type 2 Diabetes In The Next Generation?
Abstract AIM: Type 2 diabetes is frequently familial. Hyperglycaemia in pregnancy might act in addition to genetic factors to cause diabetes in the children of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The first manifestation of this in female offspring is likely to be GDM in their own pregnancies. We compared the incidence of GDM in daughters of diabetic mothers and diabetic fathers to determine if in utero exposure to hyperglycaemia increased the risk of a diabetes-prone phenotype in offspring. METHODS: We analysed the outcome of a GDM screening programme in women with a family history of diabetes in their mother (n = 535), father (n = 566), both parents (n = 77) or neither (n = 4672). RESULTS: GDM was twice as common in the daughters of diabetic mothers (11%) than diabetic fathers (5%, P = 0.002). Women with two diabetic parents were no more likely to have GDM than women with only a diabetic mother. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic predisposition to GDM should be equally shared by daughters of diabetic mothers and fathers. An excess of maternal transmission of diabetes is consistent with an epigenetic effect of hyperglycaemia in pregnancy acting in addition to genetic factors to produce diabetes in the next generation. Continue reading >>
Induction Of Iapp Amyloid Deposition And Associated Diabetic Abnormalities By A Prion-like Mechanism
Although a large proportion of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) accumulate misfolded aggregates composed of the islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), its role in the disease is unknown. Here, we show that pancreatic IAPP aggregates can promote the misfolding and aggregation of endogenous IAPP in islet cultures obtained from transgenic mouse or healthy human pancreas. Islet homogenates immunodepleted with anti-IAPP–specific antibodies were not able to induce IAPP aggregation. Importantly, intraperitoneal inoculation of pancreatic homogenates containing IAPP aggregates into transgenic mice expressing human IAPP dramatically accelerates IAPP amyloid deposition, which was accompanied by clinical abnormalities typical of T2D, including hyperglycemia, impaired glucose tolerance, and a substantial reduction on β cell number and mass. Finally, induction of IAPP deposition and diabetic abnormalities were also induced in vivo by administration of IAPP aggregates prepared in vitro using pure, synthetic IAPP. Our findings suggest that some of the pathologic and clinical alterations of T2D might be transmissible through a similar mechanism by which prions propagate in prion diseases. This article is distributed under the terms of an Attribution–Noncommercial–Share Alike–No Mirror Sites license for the first six months after the publication date (see After six months it is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution–Noncommercial–Share Alike 4.0 International license, as described at Continue reading >>
Parental Transmission Of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Among Patients Attending A Tertiary Care Hospital
Abstract Problem considered Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a heritable condition. Some studies suggest a strong maternal association while others claim paternal transmission of diabetes to be more significant. The present study was aimed at identifying the role of parental transmission in Type 2 diabetic patients with family history of diabetes. Methods This was a cross-sectional study carried out among individuals diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and having a family history of the same attending the General Medicine OPD in a tertiary care hospital. Consenting consecutive patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were enrolled into the study. Demographic characteristics, age at onset of Type 2 Diabetes and parental history of the disease were obtained in detail. Results Of the 174 participants enrolled into the study nearly 66% were males. Maternal history of DM (65%) was more commonly observed as compared to paternal history (57%) and nearly 23% had a history of both parents being diabetic. Fifty two percent gave a sibling history of type 2 DM. Siblings of patients with affected mothers had a greater likelihood of diabetes (77.8%) than those with affected fathers (51%) (P = 0.001). More males had a brother who was diabetic (66%), likewise more females had a sister who was diabetic (55%). Conclusion Maternal inheritance of DM appears to be more common and there is a significant association of type 2 diabetes among siblings of patients with affected mothers. This apparent association is an area that needs to be explored further. Continue reading >>
Parental Transmission Of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus In A Highly Endogamous Population.
Abstract AIM: To determine the parental transmission of diabetes mellitus (DM) and evaluate its influence on the clinical characteristics. METHODS: This was a cross sectional study. The survey was carried out in urban and semi-urban primary health care centers. Of the 2400 registered with diagnosed diabetes, 1980 agreed and gave their consent to take part in this study, thus giving a response rate of 82.5%. Face to face interviews were conducted using a structured questionnaire followed by laboratory tests. DM was defined according to the World Health Organization expert group. A trained nurse performed physical examinations and measurements. RESULTS: Of the study population, 72.9% reported a family history of DM. Family history of DM was significantly higher in females (54.2%; P = 0.04) and in the age group below 30 years (24%; P < 0.001). The prevalence of diabetes was higher among patients with a diabetic mother (25.4% vs 22.1%) and maternal aunts/uncles (31.2% vs 22.2%) compared to patients with a diabetic father and paternal aunts/uncles. Family history of DM was higher in patients of consanguineous parents (38.5%) than those of non-consanguineous parents (30.2%). The development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) complications was higher in patients with either a paternal or maternal history of DM than in those without. No significant difference was observed in the metabolic characteristics of patients with/without family history of DM except for hypertension. Complications were higher in diabetic patients with a family history of DM. CONCLUSION: The present study found a significant maternal effect in transmission of T2DM. Family history is associated with the increased incidence of diabetes. Continue reading >>
Clinical Studies Maternally Transmitted Susceptibility To Non–insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus And Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
Abstract OBJECTIVES We studied the association of diabetes transmission with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in patients with non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). BACKGROUND It is suggested that NIDDM has a strong genetic basis and that maternally transmitted NIDDM is associated with mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) mutations. However, genetic factors for LVH in NIDDM are unknown. METHODS We investigated the family history of diabetes and the prevalence of LVH using electrocardiography in 834 patients with NIDDM, of whom 199 also underwent echocardiography. Of the 834 patients, 121 had diabetic mothers, 122 had diabetic fathers and 30 had both. The LVH criterion of SV1+ RV5or RV6>35 mm was met in 148 patients. The percentage of patients having diabetic mothers was higher in those with LVH criterion (29%) than without it (16%) (p < 0.001), but the percentage of patients having diabetic fathers was similar in those with LVH (18%) and without it (18%). Compared with the 683 patients with nondiabetic mothers, the 151 patients with diabetic mothers were younger and had earlier onset of diabetes. The percentage of patients having diabetic siblings was also higher in those with diabetic mothers (31%) than in those with nondiabetic mothers (18%) (p < 0.001). On electrocardiograms, the prevalence of LVH was higher in patients with diabetic mothers (28%) than in those with nondiabetic mothers (15%) (p < 0.001). Echocardiograms showed that patients with diabetic mothers had greater left ventricular wall thickness and mass than those with nondiabetic mothers. In multivariate analysis, the family history of diabetes in mothers was an independent factor to LVH, but the family history of diabetes in fathers was not. CONCLUSIONS Maternal transmission of diabet Continue reading >>
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On The Mode Of Transmission Of Hereditary Diabetes
Summary Using the case records of 14000 diabetics followed up in the Antidiabetic Centre of Bucharest for 1–26 years, the authors have studied the problem of the mode of transmission of hereditary diabetes. The analysis, which takes into consideration four different aspects representing four stages of investigation, indicates a dominant transmission for diabetes. — 1.Consanguinity. In a group of 49 consanguine marriages, diabetes was found in 14 of 100 direct descendants. The probability of diabetes would have attained 24.6% if all had lived up to 80 years. This fact, to which we must add the late onset of diabetes in the offspring and the absence of a massive appearance of diabetes in siblings, raises doubts regarding the hypothesis of the recessive transmission of hereditary diabetes.- 2.Diabetic Couples. In 385 families in which both parents were diabetic there were 1,173 descendants; 326 of these suffered from diabetes (27.7%). The probability of diabetes calculated for a lifespan of 90 years for all the progeny would have been in the authors' material of 37.7%. This figure shows that the parents, who were diabetics of the hereditary type, could only have had heterozygotic genetic structures, pleading for the dominant transmission of hereditary diabetes mellitus. — 3.Diabetes in Multiple Successive Generations. In 113 of the 3,430 pedigrees studied, the disease could be noticed in 3 successive generations, which after the necessary corrections gives a proportion of 8.15%; in 4 pedigrees diabetes was found in 4 successive generations (1.19%). — 4.Anteposition presents a net statistical significance and upholds in the authors' opinion the dominant transmission of diabetes. — These findings (3 and 4) imply the dominant transmission of hereditary diabetes. Continue reading >>
Transmission Of Diabetes Prion-like Aggregates Triggers Disease Symptoms
Protein misfolding disorders (PMDs) such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), are characterized by the accumulation of misfolded protein aggregates in tissues including the brain. A few rare PMDs, such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, or mad cow disease), and Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease (CJD), can even be transmitted between humans or from animals to humans. In these cases, exposure to the causative misfolded protein aggregates, known as prions, triggers the transformation of normal proteins into the abnormal form. Effectively, prions "seed" the development of misfolded protein aggregation in the brain of the recipient, and this leads to the accumulation of toxic substances that destroy neurons. Protein aggregation isn’t limited to the widely recognized PMDs, however. About 90% of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) develop pancreatic islet deposits of the peptide hormone islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP). These misfolded protein aggregates start accumulating many years before the clinical diagnosis of T2D, explain Abhisek Mukherjee, Ph.D., and Claudio Soto, Ph.D., who head a research team at McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston that studies the molecular basis of PMDs, including AD, PD, and prion diseases. Previous post mortem and animal studies have suggested that islet IAPP aggregation is linked with key T2D features, including the loss of beta cell mass, but the how these IAPP deposits cause disease development or progression isn’t yet understood. One potential clue, however, is that “IAPP aggregates share similar structural features and mechanism of aggregation with prion aggregates,” Drs. Mukherjee and Soto told GEN. The McGovern Medical Scho Continue reading >>
Differential Transmission Of Type 1 Diabetes From Diabetic Fathers And Mothers To Their Offspring
We studied the incidence of type 1 diabetes in the offspring of patients with childhood- and adolescent-onset type 1 diabetes and several risk factors predicting the risk. We defined the diabetes status in the offspring of all probands who were included in the nationwide register of Finnish type 1 diabetic patients diagnosed at the age of ≤17 years from 1965 to 1979. A total of 5,291 offspring at risk contributed 72,220 person-years of follow-up between 1970 and 2003. Of them, 259 offspring developed type 1 diabetes by the end of 2003, giving a cumulative incidence of 6.7% (95% CI 5.9–7.5) by the age of 20 years. The incidence of type 1 diabetes in the offspring between the years 1980 and 2003 was 35.3, 44.6, and 44.6 per 10,000 person-years for the age-groups 0–4, 5–9, and 10–14 years, respectively. Poisson regression analyses showed a marked increase in incidence of 5.3% per year from 1983 to 2003. The greatest increase occurred in the youngest offspring, aged 0–4 years. Of the offspring of male probands, 7.8% were affected by the age of 20 years compared with 5.3% of the offspring of female probands (relative risk 1.7 [95% CI 1.3–2.2]). The young age at onset of diabetes increased the risk of type 1 diabetes in the offspring of diabetic fathers but not in the offspring of diabetic mothers. In conclusion, our findings revealed that in the offspring of type 1 diabetic patients, the increase in the recurrence risk of type 1 diabetes was not more rapid compared with that in the background population. In the multivariate analyses, statistically significant predictors of type 1 diabetes in the offspring were male sex of the diabetic parent, young age at diagnosis in the male parent, and the more recent year of birth of the offspring. The incidence of childhoo Continue reading >>
Different Methods And Settings For Glucose Monitoring For Women With Gestational Diabetes During Pregnancy
What is the issue? Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a glucose intolerance leading to high concentrations of glucose (sugar) in the blood (hyperglycaemia) that begins or is first recognised during pregnancy. Monitoring of blood glucose levels is an important way to maintain control of sugar concentrations in the blood. There are several different methods for monitoring blood glucose which can be carried out in different settings (e.g. at home or hospital), however it is not clear which is best for limiting health complications for women and their babies. Why is this important? Women with GDM are more likely to develop pre-eclampsia (a dangerous condition characterised by high blood pressure) during pregnancy, and to have the birth induced, suffer trauma to the perineum during birth, or to give birth by caesarean section. Their babies are more likely to be large for their gestational age at birth, develop low blood sugar (hypoglycaemia), and suffer from complications leading to death. Both the women and their babies are more likely to develop long-term health complications, including type 2 diabetes. What evidence did we find? We searched the medical literature in September 2016 and included 11 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) involving 1272 women with GDM and their babies. Three trials were supported by commercial partners. We included five different comparisons: 1) telemedicine (transmission of glucose concentrations from home to healthcare professionals for review) versus standard care (face-to-face review in a clinic/hospital) (five RCTs); 2) self-monitoring of glucose (at home) versus periodic monitoring of glucose (less frequently at face-to-face visits) (two RCTs); 3) use of a continuous glucose monitoring system (CCMS) versus less frequent self-monitoring Continue reading >>
Cause
Hepatitis B is a liver disease caused by infection with the hepatitis B virus. The virus is spread when blood, semen, or vaginal fluids (including menstrual blood) from an infected person enter another person's body. This usually happens through: Sexual contact. The hepatitis B virus can enter the body through a break in the lining of the rectum, vagina, urethra (the tube that carries urine out of the body), or mouth. Sharing needles and other equipment (such as cotton, spoons, and water) used for injecting illegal drugs. Work tasks. People who handle blood or instruments used to draw blood may become infected. Health care workers are at risk of infection if they are accidentally stuck with a used needle or other sharp instrument that has an infected person's blood on it. Infection also can occur if blood splashes onto an exposed surface, such as the eyes, the mouth, or a cut in the skin. Childbirth . A newborn baby can get the virus from his or her mother. This can happen during delivery when the baby comes in contact with the mother's body fluids in the birth canal. But breastfeeding doesn't spread the virus from a woman to her child. Body piercings and tattoos. The virus may be spread when needles used for body piercing or tattooing aren't sterilized and infected blood enters a person's skin. Toiletries. Grooming items such as razors and toothbrushes can spread the virus if they carry blood from a person who is infected. In the past, blood transfusions were a common way of spreading hepatitis B. Organ transplants could also spread the disease. Today, all donated blood and organs in the United States are screened for the virus. So it is extremely unlikely that you could become infected from a blood transfusion or an organ transplant. Symptoms appear about 3 months aft Continue reading >>
Diabetes Care System For Detection Of An Analyte And Method For Selective Data Transmission
FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to diabetes care, and in particular to a diabetes care system for detection of an analyte and method for selective data transmission. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Diabetes care systems are used for detecting analytes relevant for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in the human body and/or for treatment, in particular by injection of medicaments. Important examples are blood glucose meters or insulin pumps. Modern diabetes care systems support their users by logging performed actions and thus providing them for later analysis. In this manner, so-called “history files” are created in the course of a longer usage duration. Like the log data of executed actions, analysis data may also be stored in diabetes care systems. Especially in analysis systems which are wearable on the body (invasive or noninvasive) and implantable in the body, a frequent, even practically continuous measurement and determination of the analytes occurs, in which a large quantity of measurement and/or analysis data are obtained. The temporarily stored data must be transmitted from time to time to a base station, such as a PC. For this purpose, wired interfaces or wireless interfaces having corresponding interface protocols are frequently used in devices wearable on the body. In implanted devices, the data transmission is always performed wirelessly, of course. In “classical” data transmission, all of the data material present is typically downloaded. A sequential transmission occurs, the data being transmitted in the sequence of their generation (first-in-first-out) or in the reverse sequence of generation (last-in-first-out). In this classical procedure, it is assumed that the data link exists at least for the duration of the trans
How Is Diabetes Transmitted?
Diabetes mellitus is a condition of the endocrine system that limits the body's ability to manage the level of glucose in the blood. Diabetics may suffer from an excess of (hyperglycemia) or too little (hypoglycemia) blood sugar. The imbalances caused by the condition can lead to heart, vision and kidney, neurological or circulatory problems. Two forms of diabetes appear at different times in life. Type 1, or juvenile diabetes, appears in very early childhood and is a chronic condition requiring drug therapy. It results from a failure of the autoimmune system that limits the ability of the pancreas to produce insulin. It cannot be "caught" like a virus or bacteria. However, recent studies have confirmed that certain DNA triggers tend to be present in persons with diabetes. When mothers with diabetes have obese children, the children often appear to inherit the same DNA characteristic and develop diabetes. Children who have two parents with diabetes also appear to inherit the characteristic. This tendency to inherit has only been established with Type 1 diabetes. Since a Type 1 diabetic's pancreas will never produce insulin properly, it is important to diagnose and begin a treatment plan as early in life as possible. Type 2 diabetes develops after age 40 in persons who have certain risk factors, including obesity, a carbohydrate-rich diet and sedentary lifestyle. Adult-onset diabetes limits the ability of insulin to control blood glucose levels, rather than attacking the pancreas directly. No genetic triggers have been identified. Gestational diabetes, a temporary condition that resembles---and may develop into---Type 2 diabetes, primarily affects pregnant women who are obese or who may gain a great deal of weight with pregnancy. Both conditions can usually be managed us Continue reading >>
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What Is The Mode Of Transmission Of Diabetes?
Question Originally asked by Community Member edith What Is The Mode Of Transmission Of Diabetes? i have to find this out for school. I dont understand what its asking me. Answer We don’t help with homework. This question section is for people who have a condition or care about someone who does, so they can get the information and support they need. When you research online, you read articles on web sites, use search engines to find articles, and so on. You don’t go to a question and answer section and ask someone for the answer. If you don’t understand what you’re being asked, ask your teacher for clarification. Teri You should know Answers to your question are meant to provide general health information but should not replace medical advice you receive from a doctor. No answers should be viewed as a diagnosis or recommended treatment for a condition. Continue reading >>
- Transmission of Diabetes Prion-Like Aggregates Triggers Disease Symptoms
- Transmission of Diabetes Prion-Like Aggregates Triggers Disease Symptoms
- American Diabetes Association® Releases 2018 Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes, with Notable New Recommendations for People with Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes
Could Type 2 Diabetes Be Transmissible?
Although the findings are preliminary, new research suggests that type 2 diabetes may be transmissible in a way that is similar to prion disorders such as "mad cow disease." Although type 2 diabetes affects more than 420 million people worldwide, its causes remain largely unknown. However, a new study has uncovered a novel mechanism that may drive the disease. The discovery could change the way we approach type 2 diabetes, both from a research perspective and from a therapeutic point of view. More specifically, the study investigates the possibility that type 2 diabetes might be caused by a misfolding of islet amyloid polypeptide protein (IAPP). The research was led by Claudio Soto at the McGovern Medical School in Houston, TX, which is part of the University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston. The findings, published in The Journal of Experimental Medicine, show that type 2 diabetes shares similarities with a group of transmissible neurodegenerative diseases known as "prion diseases." Examples of such diseases include bovine spongiform encephalopathy - popularly known as "mad cow disease" - or its human equivalent, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. IAPP in type 2 diabetes Previous research has shown that up to 80 percent of all type 2 diabetes patients have an accumulation of IAPP in the pancreas' islets. These are small clusters of cells inside the pancreas, which contain, among other cells, insulin-producing beta cells. IAPP is a peptide hormone that is secreted together with insulin by the pancreatic beta cells. While the effect of this excessive IAPP in type 2 diabetes is not fully known, it is believed that it damages the beta cells, stopping them from producing the insulin that the body needs to lower blood sugar levels. The researchers hypothesized that a misfol Continue reading >>
Elimination Of Maternally Transmitted Autoantibodies Prevents Diabetes In Nonobese Diabetic Mice
The influence of maternally transmitted immunoglobulins on the development of autoimmune diabetes mellitus in genetically susceptible human progeny remains unknown. Given the presence of islet β cell–reactive autoantibodies in prediabetic nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice1,2, we abrogated the maternal transmission of such antibodies in order to assess their influence on the susceptibility of progeny to diabetes. First, we used B cell–deficient NOD mothers to eliminate the transmission of maternal immunoglobulins. In a complementary approach, we used immunoglobulin transgenic NOD mothers to exclude autoreactive specificities from the maternal B-cell repertoire. Finally, we implanted NOD embryos in pseudopregnant mothers of a non-autoimmune strain. The NOD progeny in all three groups were protected from spontaneous diabetes. These findings demonstrate that the maternal transmission of antibodies is a critical environmental parameter influencing the ontogeny of T cell-mediated destruction of islet β cells in NOD mice3. It will be important to definitively determine whether the transmission of maternal autoantibodies in humans4,5,6,7,8 affects diabetes progression in susceptible offspring. Continue reading >>
