Is Your Thyroid Killing You? Diabetes
Dana, your blood sugar and cholesterol are very high. Do you have a family history of diabetes and heart disease? Several months later… Dana, your blood sugar and cholesterol are high again. You should start a cholesterol-lowering statin drug and diabetes medication. Let’s wait until your next lab test to decide. 347 million people worldwide have diabetes. The World Health Organization warns that its escalating rates around the world will result in the doubling of diabetes deaths between 2005 and 2030.[1. World Health Organization. World Diabetes Day 2012] Thyroid Disease and Diabetes The frequency of thyroid dysfunction in diabetic patients is higher than that of the general population. The Journal of Thyroid Research published an article in 2011 reviewing the scientific research worldwide on thyroid disorders and diabetes mellitus.[2. Hage, M., Zantout, M.S., Azar, S.T. Review Article: Thyroid Disorders and Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Thyroid Research Volume 2011 (2011), Article ID 439463, 7 pages] Perros et al. demonstrated an overall prevalence of 13.4% of thyroid diseases in diabetics with the highest prevalence in type 1 female diabetics (31.4%). A prevalence of 12.3% was reported among Greek diabetic patients and 16% of Saudi patients with type 2 diabetes were found to have thyroid dysfunction. In Jordan, a study reported that thyroid dysfunction was present in 12.5% of type 2 diabetic patients. Thyroid disorders remain the most frequent autoimmune disorders associated with type 1 diabetes. Positive TPO antibodies have been reported in as high as 38% of diabetic individuals. Ghawil et al. documented that 23.4% of type 1 diabetic Libyan subjects had positive TPO antibodies and 7% had positive TG antibodies. According to the World Health Organization, 50% of Continue reading >>
Diabetes Mellitus
Alternative names for diabetes mellitus Diabetes; type 2 diabetes; type 1 diabetes; sugar diabetes; T2DM, T1DM; insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; IDDM; juvenile-onset diabetes What is diabetes mellitus? Diabetes mellitus is a condition in which the body does not produce enough of the hormone insulin, resulting in high levels of sugar in the bloodstream. There are many different types of diabetes; the most common are type 1 and type 2 diabetes, which are covered in this article. Gestational diabetes occurs during the second half of pregnancy and is covered in a separate article. Diabetes mellitus is linked with an increased risk of heart attacks, strokes, poor blood circulation to the legs and damage to the eyes, feet and kidneys. Early diagnosis and strict control of blood sugar, blood pressure and cholesterol levels can help to prevent or delay these complications associated with diabetes. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle (regular exercise, not smoking and eating healthily) is important in reducing the risk of developing diabetes. What causes diabetes mellitus? Insulin is a hormone produced by the beta cells within the pancreas in response to the intake of food. The role of insulin is to lower blood sugar (glucose) levels by allowing cells in the muscle, liver and fat to take up sugar from the bloodstream that has been absorbed from food, and store it away as energy. In type 1 diabetes (or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus), the insulin-producing cells are destroyed and the body is not able to produce insulin naturally. This means that sugar is not stored away but is constantly released from energy stores giving rise to high sugar levels in the blood. This in turn causes dehydration and thirst (because the high glucose ‘spills over’ into the urine and pulls wat Continue reading >>
Endocrine And Metabolic Disorders
Endocrine disorders involve the body’s over- or under-production of certain hormones, while metabolic disorders affect the body’s ability to process certain nutrients and vitamins. Endocrine disorders include hypothyroidism, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, diseases of the parathyroid gland, diabetes mellitus, diseases of the adrenal glands (including Cushing’s syndrome and Addison’s disease), and ovarian dysfunction (including polycystic ovary syndrome), among others. Some examples of metabolic disorders include cystic fibrosis, phenylketonuria (PKU), hyperlipidemia, gout, and rickets. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders among women of reproductive age, and is the most common cause of endocrine-related female infertility in the United States. An estimated 1 in 10 women of childbearing age has PCOS, and it can occur in females as young as 11 years of age. In addition, PCOS may put women at risk for other health conditions, including high blood pressure, heart disease, and diabetes.1 Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism are also common endocrine disorders. In 2005–2006, women were nearly five times more likely than men to report having ever been told by a health professional that they have a thyroid problem (16.4 versus 3.4 percent, respectively; data not shown). Among women, rates varied by race and ethnicity. Non-Hispanic White women were most likely to report a thyroid problem (18.5 percent), while Hispanic women were least likely (9.2 percent). In 2006, the rate of physician visits due to endocrine and metabolic disorders varied by sex: 4.0 percent of physician visits made by men were for disorders of endocrine glands other than the thyroid, compared to 3.1 percent of visits made by women. The rate of visits due to me Continue reading >>
Diabetes Mellitus In New Zealand
Southern Cross Medical Library Southern Cross Medical Library information is necessarily of a general nature. Always seek specific medical advice for treatment appropriate to you. For more articles go to the Medical Library index page. Over 240 000 New Zealanders have been diagnosed with diabetes (diabetes mellitus). It is estimated that another 100,000 have diabetes that has not been diagnosed. Symptoms can include excessive urination and thirst, excessive eating or hunger, fatigue and nausea. Treatment aims to maintain healthy blood glucose levels and to prevent serious health complications. In New Zealand Type 2 diabetes is increasing rapidly and in some regions is considered to have reached epidemic proportions. Maori and Pacific Island New Zealanders are more than three times more likely to develop diabetes than most other New Zealanders. Rates of diabetes are also high among Asian New Zealanders. Other risk factors for developing diabetes include: obesity; family history; high blood pressure and cholesterol levels; little or no exercise; pregnancy; women who have had a large baby (>4000g birth weight) and/or a history of gestational diabetes; and being over 40 years of age. What is diabetes? Diabetes is a metabolic disorder, which means a problem with the process by which food is digested and used as energy by the body. It is a chronic (long-term) condition characterised by high levels of glucose in the blood (hyperglycaemia). If not treated it can cause long-term complications such as coronary heart disease, kidney damage, stroke, circulatory problems and damaged vision. During digestion most foods are converted into a sugar called glucose. Glucose is a simple sugar that is the main fuel source for the body. Once food has been converted into glucose, it moves int Continue reading >>
Chapter 151. Diabetes Mellitus And Other Endocrine Diseases
Favorite Table | Print The incidence of diabetes in America is increasing steadily with the epidemic of obesity. Eleven percent of health care expenditures in America are diabetes related. Metabolic abnormalities in glucose and insulin relate directly to diabetic thick skin, limited joint mobility, eruptive xanthomas, and acanthosis nigricans. Neuropathy, vasculopathy, and immune dysfunction associated with diabetes contribute directly to lower extremity ulcers and certain cutaneous infections. Diabetes-associated skin conditions without a known pathogenesis include: necrobiosis lipoidica, granuloma annulare, diabetic dermopathy, acquired perforating dermatosis, and bullosis diabeticorum. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. More than 24 million Americans have the disease1, and approximately 11% ($92 billion) of all health care expenditures in the United States were directly attributable to the medical care of diabetes in 2002.2 Men and women diagnosed with diabetes at age 40 years are expected to lose 12 and 14 life-years, respectively.3 Major studies have shown that tight glycemic control decreases microvascular disease, i.e., retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, however, coronary vascular disease, the major contributor to morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes, showed no benefit from intensive glycemic control for patients with a known 10-year duration of diabetes. In one large randomized controlled trial with about a third of patients with known coronary artery disease, intensive glycemic control was, in fact, associated with an increase in mortality. Newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes appears to have long-term benefit from similar degrees of tight control.4 New guidelines for glycemic control (HbA1c <7%) Continue reading >>
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The Pituitary Gland In Diabetes Mellitus And Disorders Of The Glands Of Internal Secretion
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The Relationship Between Diabetes And Thyroid Disorder
At the clinic today, a patient came in for an initial assessment for Diabetes Self-Management Education. She was taking thyroid medication along with her diabetes and other medications. She was not the first patient that I have seen lately who is taking thyroid medication. I was aware of the link between diabetes and thyroid disease, and had some basic information. I thought it would be interesting to look into the dynamics a little further. After all, the pancreas and the thyroid both fall within the endocrine system. Now let’s take a look at why people with diabetes often seem to have thyroid disorder, and the reasons behind it. What is thyroid disease? In order to understand the relationship between diabetes and thyroid disease, it is helpful to understand what thyroid disease is. At the front of your neck, just under your Adam’s apple is where you will find the thyroid gland. Thyroid disease is a problem that happens when the thyroid gland either under produces or over produces the thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormones are responsible for regulating the body’s metabolism. From research, the percent of the population that will develop thyroid disease is 7 percent. The percentage of people with diabetes who have thyroid disease is greater than the general population. We will dig in a little deeper to find the reasons why, and examine the link between the two. Note from Kirk and Health Institute: A high percentage of low thyroid is “Hashimoto’s”, which like Graves disease is an auto-immune in origin and most often creates low thyroid symptoms. To address Hashimoto’s and Graves affectively you must focus on the immune system, medication can be supportive but does not address the cause. Autoimmune conditions are best managed by change in diet and reducing infl Continue reading >>
Thyroid Disease And Diabetes
CLINICAL DIABETES VOL. 18 NO. 1 Winter 2000 PRACTICAL POINTERS Thyroid Disease and Diabetes By Patricia Wu, MD, FACE, FRCP Thyroid disease is common in the general population, and the prevalence increases with age. The assessment of thyroid function by modern assays is both reliable and inexpensive. Screening for thyroid dysfunction is indicated in certain high-risk groups, such as neonates and the elderly. Hypothyroidism is by far the most common thyroid disorder in the adult population and is more common in older women. It is usually autoimmune in origin, presenting as either primary atrophic hypothyroidism or Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Thyroid failure secondary to radioactive iodine therapy or thyroid surgery is also common. Rarely, pituitary or hypothalamic disorders can result in secondary hypothyroidism. Approximately 4 million people in the United States are hypothyroid and receive thyroxine replacement therapy. By contrast, hyperthyroidism is much less common, with a female-to-male ratio of 9:1. Graves' disease is the most common cause and affects primarily young adults. Toxic multi-nodular goiters tend to affect the older age-groups. Diabetic patients have a higher prevalence of thyroid disorders compared with the normal population (Table 1). Because patients with one organ-specific autoimmune disease are at risk of developing other autoimmune disorders, and thyroid disorders are more common in females, it is not surprising that up to 30% of female type 1 diabetic patients have thyroid disease. The rate of postpartum thyroiditis in diabetic patients is three times that in normal women. A number of reports have also indicated a higher than normal prevalence of thyroid disorders in type 2 diabetic patients, with hypothyroidism being the most common disorder. Table Continue reading >>
List Of Endocrine Disorders
List of all possible Endocrine disorders and diseases affecting the Endocrine System. The endocrine system is a network of glands that produce and release hormones that help control many important body functions, especially the body's ability to change calories into energy that powers cells and organs. The endocrine system influences how your heart beats, how your bones and tissues grow, even your ability to make a baby. It plays a vital role in whether or not you develop diabetes, thyroid disease, growth disorders, sexual dysfunction, and a host of other hormone-related disorders. See also: Thyroid Diseases List Diabetes mellitus, commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. Symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many ...more Symptoms: Polyphagia, Acanthosis nigricans, Hyperglycemia, Weight gain, Fatigue, + more Treatments: Smoking cessation, Insulin lispro, Anti-diabetic medication, Physical examination, Chromium(III) picolinate, + more Risk Factors: Tobacco smoking, Personal History of Gestational Diabetes, Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Asian American, Hispanic, + more Parent Disease: Endocrine diseases, Nutrition disorder 12 Ancient Health Practices that Killed People Quicker Than Just Doing Nothing The Worst Drugs for You Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by hyperglycemia in the context of insulin resistance and relative lack of insulin. This is in contrast to diabetes mellitus type 1, in which there is an absolute lack of insulin due to breakdown of islet cells in the pancreas. ...more Symptoms: Polyphagia, Acanthosis nigricans, Fatigue, P Continue reading >>
Disorders Of The Pituitary Gland In Cats
By Deborah S. Greco, DVM, PhD, DACVIM, Senior Research Scientist, Nestle Purina PetCare ; David Bruyette, DVM, DACVIM, Medical Director, VCA West Los Angeles Animal Hospital ; Robert J. Kemppainen, DVM, PhD, Professor, Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University ; Mark E. Peterson, DVM, DACVIM, Director of Endocrinology and Nuclear Medicine, Animal Endocrine Clinic The pituitary gland is located near the center and bottom of the brain. It produces a number of critical hormones that control many parts of the body, including several other endocrine glands. Because of this central role, it is sometimes called a “master gland.” A variety of different conditions can be caused by pituitary disease or tumors. The specific illness and signs depend on the cause and the area(s) of the pituitary gland that is affected. Cushing Disease Cushing disease, also called hyperadrenocorticism, is caused by too much cortisol. Cushing disease is rare in cats. In most affected cats, the cause is a pituitary tumor, although an overactive pituitary gland or a tumor of the adrenal gland itself are also possible causes. Cats with Cushing disease are generally middle-aged or older. The most common signs include excessive thirst, increased urination, and increased appetite. These signs are frequently seen because cats with Cushing disease also tend to have diabetes mellitus that is resistant to insulin. (Thus, the signs develop as a result of the diabetes mellitus, not necessarily as a result of the cortisol excess seen in Cushing disease.) The skin of affected cats may be extremely fragile, thin, and easily infected or bruised; this is called feline fragile skin syndrome. Cats may also have an unkempt hair coat, patchy hair loss, muscle w Continue reading >>
Disorders Of The Pancreas: Types, Symptoms & Treatments
The pancreas produces insulin. If the pancreas is incapable of producing insulin or cells do not respond to this hormone, then a person can develop diabetes mellitus. In this lesson, you will learn about diabetes and how it relates to the pancreas. Pancreas We previously learned that the pancreas secretes two important hormones for the regulation of your blood sugar level, called insulin and glucagon. While we rarely see any problems associated with glucagon, we do see problems associated with insulin production or the body's sensitivity to this hormone. In this lesson, you will learn what happens when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or your body cells stop responding to the insulin in your system. When you eat a meal, the food travels through your digestive tract where it is broken down. The starches and carbohydrates that you eat are broken down into simple sugars. These sugars get absorbed out of your digestive tract and enter your blood as blood glucose, which is also referred to as blood sugar. The bloodstream carries the glucose to the trillions of cells in your body that rely on it for energy. However, a glucose molecule cannot simply travel up to a body cell and enter. It must be let in to the cell with the help of insulin. It is as if insulin has a 'secret knock' that opens up the cell and lets glucose come in. Without insulin, glucose cannot leave the blood and travel into your cells. In a healthy individual, sufficient amounts of insulin are produced by the pancreas to respond to the amount of sugar in the blood. Also, in a healthy body the cells are able to take in enough glucose to maintain a normal range of blood sugar, which before a meal is typically between 70-130 mg/dL. However, if there is a problem with insulin, blood levels of glucose c Continue reading >>
Metabolic Syndrome In Endocrine System
Vanita Pudata* and Jhansi Konduru Department of Biochemistry, Dr. L. Bullayya College, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India Citation: Vanita P, Jhansi K (2011) Metabolic Syndrome in Endocrine System. J Diabetes Metab 2:163. doi:10.4172/2155-6156.1000163 Copyright: © 2011 Vanita P, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Visit for more related articles at Journal of Diabetes & Metabolism Keywords Systemic inflammatory response syndrome; Highly active antiretroviral therapy; Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Parent-only; Obstructive sleep apnea; High levels of bad cholesterol; Low levels of good cholesterol; Cardiovascular diseases; Hormone replacement therapy Introduction Endocrine system produces different hormones and controls the important body function & development, cell regulation & metabolism. A hormone imbalance in endocrine system leads to metabolic syndromes like cardio-metabolic syndrome, syndrome X, insulin resistance syndrome, Raven’s syndrome which leads to diabetes, Obesity, (Figure 1) pancreatic disorders, etc. [1]. Metabolic syndrome is not only risk factor for diabetes but also for cardiovascular diseases [2]. Recent research studies shows that the deficiency of vitamin D causes metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, heart failure, stroke, cancer, polycystic ovary syndrome, (Figure 1) gout, and asthma and coronary artery disorders [3]. Osteoporosis is also frequently seen metabolic syndrome, which decreases the bone formation and number of cells in bone, increases the risk of bone fractures [4]. Metals like zinc, arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, manganese, Continue reading >>
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Diabetes And Adrenal Disease.
Abstract Disorders of the adrenal cortex and medulla can result in glucose intolerance or overt diabetes mellitus. Cushing's syndrome, characterized by excessive secretion of glucocorticoids, impairs glucose tolerance primarily by causing insulin resistance at the post-receptor level. On the other hand, phaeochromocytoma and hyperaldosteronism, via the respective actions of catecholamines and hypokalaemia on the pancreatic beta-cell, impair glucose tolerance primarily by inhibiting insulin release. The glucose intolerance associated with these adrenal disorders is usually only mild to moderate in severity. Marked hyperglycaemia, glycosuria, and polyuria are uncommon and ketosis is rare. Moreover, the late complications of diabetes mellitus are distinctly uncommon in patients with these disorders, and the prognosis for morbidity and death is usually that of the underlying disease and not that of diabetes mellitus. The impaired glucose tolerance induced by all three of these adrenal disorders usually returns to normal once the underlying aetiology has been cured. These factors must guide the clinician in treatment of these secondary forms of diabetes, and suggest that tight (near normal) blood glucose control may not be an appropriate goal in patients with these disorders. The relationship between adrenal androgens and glucose tolerance is more uncertain. Several studies in humans have demonstrated an acute decline in serum concentrations of the adrenal steroids DHEA and DHEA-sulfate in response to experimentally-induced hyperinsulinaemia, but the regulatory role of insulin on adrenal androgen metabolism in normal physiology or disease remains speculative. In several animal models DHEA appears to exert potent anti-obesity and anti-diabetogenic actions, but such effects ha Continue reading >>
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An Overview Of The Pancreas
Pancreas Essentials The pancreas maintains the body’s blood glucose (sugar) balance. Primary hormones of the pancreas include insulin and glucagon, and both regulate blood glucose. Diabetes is the most common disorder associated with the pancreas. The pancreas is unique in that it’s both an endocrine and exocrine gland. In other words, the pancreas has the dual function of secreting hormones into blood (endocrine) and secreting enzymes through ducts (exocrine). The pancreas belongs to the endocrine and digestive systems—with most of its cells (more than 90%) working on the digestive side. However, the pancreas performs the vital duty of producing hormones—most notably insulin—to maintain the balance of blood glucose (sugar) and salt in the body. Without this balance, your body is susceptible to serious complications, such as diabetes. Anatomy of the Pancreas The pancreas is a 6 inch-long flattened gland that lies deep within the abdomen, between the stomach and the spine. It is connected to the duodenum, which is part of the small intestine. Only about 5% of the pancreas is comprised of endocrine cells. These cells are clustered in groups within the pancreas and look like little islands of cells when examined under a microscope. These groups of pancreatic endocrine cells are known as pancreatic islets or more specifically, islets of Langerhans (named after the scientist who discovered them). Hormones of the Pancreas The production of pancreatic hormones, including insulin, somatostatin, gastrin, and glucagon, play an important role in maintaining sugar and salt balance in our bodies. Gastrin: This hormone aids digestion by stimulating certain cells in the stomach to produce acid. Glucagon: Glucagon helps insulin maintain normal blood glucose by working in the Continue reading >>
The Endocrine System
Tweet The endocrine system consists of a number of different glands which secrete hormones that dictate how cells and organs behave. The hormones produced by the endocrine system help the body to regulate growth, sexual function, mood and metabolism. The role of the endocrine system The endocrine system is responsible for regulating many of the body's processes. The list below provides a selection of the roles of glands in the endocrine system: Pancreas – regulates blood glucose levels Adrenal gland – increases blood glucose levels and speeds up heart rate Thyroid gland - helps to regulate our metabolism Pituitary gland – stimulates growth Pineal gland – helps to regulate our sleep patterns Ovaries – promote development of female sex characteristics Testes – promote development of male sex characteristics The endocrine system and energy metabolism Metabolism encompasses all the chemical reactions which enable the body to sustain life. Energy metabolism is one of these processes and is vital for life. The body is able to use fat, protein and carbohydrate to provide energy. The pancreas plays an important part in energy metabolism by secreting the hormones insulin and glucagon which respectively make glucose and fatty acids available for cells to use for energy. The endocrine system and diabetes Diabetes affects how the body regulates blood glucose levels. Insulin helps to reduce levels of blood glucose whereas glucagon's role is to increase blood glucose levels. In people without diabetes, insulin and glucagon work together to keep blood glucose levels balanced. In diabetes, the body either doesn't produce enough insulin or doesn't respond properly to insulin causing an imbalance between the effects of insulin and glucagon. In type 1 diabetes, the body isn't Continue reading >>
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