Diabetes In Developed Countries

Gestational Diabetes: An Overview With Attention For Developing Countries

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as a glucose intolerance that occurs for the first time or it is first identified during pregnancy. The GDM etiology is multifactorial. It has not completely been established yet and several known risk factors may contribute to its onset. To date, there are no shared guidelines on the management and follow-up, especially regarding the low-income countries. In this paper, we describe the state of art about epidemiology, physiopathology, diagnosis, and management of GDM. Moreover, we focus on the current state in low income countries trying to outline basis for further research. Abell SK, De Courten B, Boyle JA, Teede HJ. Inflammatory and Other Biomarkers: Role in Pathophysiology and Prediction of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 16, 13442‒13473, 2015. Allard C, Sahyouni E, Menard J, Houde G, Pesant MH, Perron P, Ouellet A, Moutquin JM, Ardilouze JL, Hivert MF. Gestational diabetes mellitus identification based on self-monitoring of blood glucose. Can J Diabetes 39, 162‒168, 2015. Anzaku AS, Musa J. Prevalence and associated risk factors for gestational diabetes in Jos, North-central, Nigeria. Arch Gynecol Obstet 287, 859‒863, 2013. Aroda VR, Christophi CA, Edelstein SL, Zhang P, Herman WH, Barrett-Connor E, Delahanty LM, Montez MG, Ackermann RT, Zhuo X, Knowler WC, Ratner RE; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Th e eff ect of lifestyle intervention and metformin on preventing or delaying diabetes among women with and without gestational diabetes: the Diabetes Prevention Program outcomes study 10-year follow-up. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100, 1646‒1653, 2015. Artal R. The role of exercise in reducing the risks of gestational diabetes mellitus in obese women. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 29, 1 Continue reading >>

Diabetes As A Development Issue

Non-communicable diseases such as diabetes are often associated with industrialised countries, and communicable diseases with developing countries. In the past this division was partly justified, but as a result of globalisation and urbanisation the prevalence of this disease is rising rapidly also in low- and middle-income countries. It not only causes further health problems, it also has a high economic impact that has the power to undermine the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Diabetes needs to be managed well in any country, but conditions in poor countries are particularly challenging. [ By David Whiting ] Diabetes is a chronic, non-communicable disease. There are two main types: type 1 is diagnosed primarily in the young and is characterised by the absence of insulin; type 2 is usually diagnosed in adults and is characterised by a relative insufficiency of insulin. Both forms of diabetes lead to serious complications if not managed properly – including damage to sight and nerves, kidney disease, amputations and increased risk of cardiovascular disease, such as strokes, for example. The causes of type 1 are largely unknown, although there is some evidence of a link to infections. The causes of type 2 diabetes are largely related to economic development. Urbanisation, mechanisation and globalisation lead to reduced physical activity and a diet that contains more fat and salt, which in turn lead to obesity and raised blood pressure. Diabetes therefore is a development issue. According to the International Diabetes Federation, currently 246 million people worldwide live with diabetes and it is expected that 380 million will be affected by 2025. This will mostly concern people aged 45-64 years in low- and middle-income countries. So by 2030 more than 80 % of peop Continue reading >>

The Face Of Type 1 Diabetes In Developing Countries

WRITTEN BY: Dr. Graham Ogle Meet Tazul, a young man from Bangladesh. He is 23 years old, and grew up in Gopalganj, a district on the bank of the Modhumoti River. Gopalganj is located in the southwest region of the country and can be considered a lower-income district. A quarter of the population live below the national poverty line of $2 per day, and child malnutrition rates are currently at 48 percent. Tazul is like any other 23–year-old, except for one significant difference. When Tazul was 17, he was diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes, a condition that is manageable with the appropriate medical and psychological support. However, like many other children in the area, Tazul came from a poor background, which meant that he did not have access to the resources needed to treat his condition. As a less-resourced country, Bangladesh does not have the infrastructure and resource networks to fully support, educate and manage Type 1 diabetes. Diabetes is a lifelong condition and the essential insulin and additional supplies required can represent a significant proportion of the family’s income. Since many people in developing countries live below the poverty line, countless children are not able to access optimal care, and may face a considerably shortened lifespan. In larger cities, a child living with Type 1 diabetes has a life expectancy of around 20 years, but in more rural parts of Africa, it’s less than one year. Growing up with diabetes, children also face debilitating complications. Social stigma and subsequent depression may affect job options and marriage prospects. Type 1 diabetes is a constant and unrelenting condition. Balancing regular blood glucose testing, multiple daily injections of insulin, healthy food choices and physical activity can be very demanding. Continue reading >>

U.s. Leads Developed Nations In Diabetes Prevalence

New and detailed data from the new International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Diabetes Atlas, released at this week’s World Diabetes Congress in Vancouver, Canada (Nov 30-Dec 4) reveals that, unsurprisingly, the United States has the highest prevalence (11% of the population aged 20-79 years) of diabetes among developed nations. This league table includes countries of the European Union plus Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, South Korea, Israel, Andorra, Norway, Switzerland, and the U.S. itself. And in terms of estimates of absolute numbers of people with diabetes in these nations, the U.S., with almost 30 million people with diabetes, has around two thirds the number of cases of all the other 37 nations in the developed nation league combined (46 million). In terms of prevalence, Singapore finished a close second to the U.S. (10.5%), followed by Malta (10%), Portugal (10%), and Cyprus (9.5%) in 3rd, 4th, and 5th place respectively. The countries with the lowest estimated prevalence in the 38 nation league were (lowest first), Lithuania, Estonia, and Ireland (all around 4%), followed by Sweden, Luxembourg, the U.K., and Australia (all around 5%). Canada, the host nation for the World Diabetes Congress, has the 12th highest prevalence, at 7%. “The prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes is increasing worldwide,” says Professor Nam Cho, chair of the IDF Diabetes Atlas committee. “While the exact cause of type 1 diabetes is currently unknown, trends such as urbanisation, unhealthy diets and reduced physical activity are all contributing lifestyle factors that increase the risk of type 2 diabetes.” The individual country data follows the release of the Diabetes Atlas summary, revealing that an estimated 415 million people globally have diabetes in 2015, wit Continue reading >>

Globalization Of Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is a global public health crisis that threatens the economies of all nations, particularly developing countries. Fueled by rapid urbanization, nutrition transition, and increasingly sedentary lifestyles, the epidemic has grown in parallel with the worldwide rise in obesity. Asia's large population and rapid economic development have made it an epicenter of the epidemic. Asian populations tend to develop diabetes at younger ages and lower BMI levels than Caucasians. Several factors contribute to accelerated diabetes epidemic in Asians, including the “normal-weight metabolically obese” phenotype; high prevalence of smoking and heavy alcohol use; high intake of refined carbohydrates (e.g., white rice); and dramatically decreased physical activity levels. Poor nutrition in utero and in early life combined with overnutrition in later life may also play a role in Asia's diabetes epidemic. Recent advances in genome-wide association studies have contributed substantially to our understanding of diabetes pathophysiology, but currently identified genetic loci are insufficient to explain ethnic differences in diabetes risk. Nonetheless, interactions between Westernized diet and lifestyle and genetic background may accelerate the growth of diabetes in the context of rapid nutrition transition. Epidemiologic studies and randomized clinical trials show that type 2 diabetes is largely preventable through diet and lifestyle modifications. Translating these findings into practice, however, requires fundamental changes in public policies, the food and built environments, and health systems. To curb the escalating diabetes epidemic, primary prevention through promotion of a healthy diet and lifestyle should be a global public policy priority. THE GLOBAL BURDEN OF TYPE Continue reading >>

Type 1 Diabetes

In developing countries where health care capacity is inadequate, type 1 diabetes can be a death sentence for a vulnerable child. The life expectancy for a child diagnosed with type 1 diabetes is less than one year in some developing countries and many children die from diabetes without ever being diagnosed. The majority of these premature deaths could be avoided with access to proper care and treatment. WDF supports and collaborates with other organisations to develop sustainable initiatives to address these issues as well as to lobby local governments to find a long-term solution. Continue reading >>

Extension Of Programme For Children With Diabetes In Developing Countries

On April 14 2015, we have announced a three-year extension of our Changing Diabetes® in Children programme. Since 2009, free insulin and access to diabetes care have been provided to more than 13,000 children in nine countries in Africa and South-East Asia. During the five years, 108 diabetes clinics have been established and 5,479 healthcare professionals have received diabetes care training. A child in sub-Saharan Africa diagnosed with type 1 diabetes often has a life expectancy of less than a year. As a response to this situation and as a call to action by the International Diabetes Federation, Novo Nordisk established the Changing Diabetes® in Children programme. Turn on sound No child should die of diabetes - Changing Diabetes® in Children - Global film Play video Your browser does not support video playback. To view this content, either upgrade your browser or install Adobe Flash. This player requires a modern web browser or a recent version of Adobe Flash. Install Adobe Flash. No child should die of diabetes - Changing Diabetes® in Children - Global film Share video Next video in 5 No child should die of diabetes - Changing Diabetes® in Children - Global film 6:24 Share "No child should die of diabetes - Changing Diabetes® in Children - Global film" Share from current time Share on Facebook Tweet this video Share on LinkedIn More sharing options Pause video Toggle fullscreen 0:00 / 6:24 The idea originated from a visit to a district hospital in Kenya by Lars Rebien Sørensen, CEO of Novo Nordisk. At the hospital, he met a Masai boy diagnosed with type 1 diabetes who had been deserted by his parents at a highway and taken to the hospital by some passers-by. “It became clear to me that this boy had dire perspectives for staying alive,” says Lars Rebien S� Continue reading >>

International Journal Of Diabetes In Developing Countries

Country India 20H Index Subject Area and Category Medicine Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Internal Medicine Publisher Medknow Publications Publication type Journals ISSN 09733930 Coverage 2001-2002, 2006-ongoing Scope International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries (ISSN 0973-3930) targets a readership consisting of clinicians, research workers, paramedical personnel, nutritionists and health care personnel working in the field of diabetes. Original research work and reviews of interest to the above group of readers will be considered for publication in the journal. The journal is official publication of the Research Society for the Study of Diabetes in India. The International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries has a goal of serving as an important resource material in diabetes for its readers, mainly in the developing world. (source) Continue reading >>

Diabetes Cases Could Double In Developing Countries In Next 30 Years

But the increase could be slowed through prevention “Diabetes is part of the growing epidemic of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) that are beginning to impose a double burden of disease on the world’s poorest countries,” said Dr Catherine Le Galès-Camus, WHO Assistant Director-General, Noncommunicable Diseases and Mental Health. “Even as these countries are struggling to address the problems of HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis, they must also prepare to deal with the onslaught of diseases that come with changes in lifestyle and ageing of their populations.” The good news, said Dr Le Galès-Camus, is that much of the projected increase in diabetes is preventable, through attention to diet and physical activity in the population. WHO is currently developing a Global Strategy on Diet and Physical Activity, which will underpin its efforts to help Member States prevent diabetes and other diseases related to unhealthy diets and physical inactivity. For those who have diabetes, good management of the disease can delay or even prevent complications and disability. Promoting self management by patients, proactive control of risk factors by health professionals and reorganization of health services to manage chronic conditions have all been shown to make a significant difference to patients”, said Dr Rafael Bengoa, WHO, Director, Management of Noncommunicable Diseases. “We will be working with countries to find ways to deliver a minimum package of care in even the poorest settings. Prevention and management go hand in hand. We need to provide comprehensive packages that meet the needs of all members of the community, and that address the disease at all stages and in all its manifestations.” The burden of disease associated with diabetes is substantial: at least Continue reading >>

America Has The Highest Rate Of Diabetes In The Developing World - While The Uk, Australia And Lithuania Are Among Those Nations With The Lowest Rates Of The Condition

The US has the highest prevalence of diabetes among all developed countries across the world, new data reveals. Almost 11 per cent of Americans between the ages of 20 and 79 suffers from the disease, according to data from the International Diabetes Federation. That’s an estimated 30 million adults across the country. Such is the scale of the issue in the US, the country had nearly two-thirds the total number of cases of all the other 37 developed nations combined, experts warned. In contrast, those nations have a total of 46 million cases between them. The International Diabetes Federation has revealed the US tops the league tables of developing countries with the highest prevalence of the disease, with 10.75 per cent of adults suffering type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Singapore and Malta come in second and third place PREVALENCE OF DIABETES IN ADULTS AGE 20-79 IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES Top Ten - Highest prevalence % Bottom Ten - Lowest prevalence % 1. United States 10.75 1. Lithuania 3.97 2. Singapore 10.53 2. Estonia 4.37 3. Malta 9.92 3. Ireland 4.39 4. Portugal 9.86 4. Sweden 4.7 5. Cyprus 9.55 5. Luxembourg 4.73 6. Andorra 8.52 6. United Kingdom 4.73 7. Slovenia 7.77 7. Australia 5.06 8. Slovakia 7.76 8. Belgium 5.09 9. Spain 7.7 9. Italy 5.12 10. Israel 7.46 10. Greece 5.16 Experts said the high number of people in the US suffering diabetes, is in large part, due to the number living with type 2 diabetes. The condition is closely linked to obesity. Dr Petra Wilson, the CEO of IDF, called on governments to take actions, including introducing taxes on unhealthy food and drink to try and curb the obesity epidemic. He said: 'As rates of type 2 diabetes increase in many countries around the world, we urgently need preventative action. 'IDF asks governments to lead the way i Continue reading >>

International Journal Of Diabetes In Developing Countries

International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries is a peer-reviewed open-access journal published on behalf of the Research Society for the Study of Diabetes in India. The journal was established in 1981 as the Diabetes Bulletin by the founding editor M. M. S. Ahuja. The journal publishes articles on the subject of experimental and clinical aspects of diabetes and its complications. The journal is abstracted and indexed in Academic OneFile, CAB Abstracts, EBSCO Databases, Global Health, Health Reference Center Academic, Science Citation Index Expanded, and Scopus. External links[edit] Official website Continue reading >>

Depression And Type 2 Diabetes In Developed And Developing Countries

Sir, Diabetes patients are more exposed to depression. This association might yield higher rates of mortality, morbidity and costs of health-care.[1] The world evaluation of depression prevalence in diabetes patients seems to vary according to the prosperity and health-care system of each country.[2] Hence, what are the factors of impact on the gap of depression rate within type 2 diabetes (T2D) in developing and developed countries? What are the care possibilities to reduce the depression rate in developing countries compared with developed countries? To answer this question, we achieved a transversal study in the University Hospital of Fez, Morocco. The study included 142 T2D patients. The average age of patients was 56.68-year-old, without significant difference in gender ration. The depression prevalence in our patients was 33.1%. Factors connected to the depression of MoroccanT2D are summarized in Table 1. The prevalence of T2D was significantly higher compared with the general population. It varies between 12% and 44%. Indeed, the prevalence of T2D is lower in western countries; it is elevated in developing countries.[3,4] The literature review revealed that depression of T2D patients is mostly associated to unchangeable factors such as the duration of evolution and arterial hypertension, which are common factors in developed and developing countries.[3] Besides, depression of T2D patients is strongly connected the low educational level of patients, a lack of social security. These two factors are dominant in developing countries.[5] Indeed, in developing countries factors such as lack of social, lower educational level, strong poverty level and resources and financial difficulties constitute the economical outline of stress responsible for insecurity feeling towa Continue reading >>

Tackling The Diabetes Epidemic In Developing Countries

Local anchoring is key According to Dr Dejgaard, action is needed at the global, regional and local levels. Diabetes is a chronic, debilitating and costly disease, which threatens individuals, health systems and governments. He emphasises the importance of implementing national policies for effective diabetes prevention, treatment and care; developing awareness campaigns; and implementing sustainable diabetes programmes locally. The last point is key. The WDF currently supports programmes in 117 developing countries, working with partners such as local diabetes associations, health authorities and NGOs. Many programmes are anchored in the Ministry of Health. As Dr Dejgaard notes, “it is critical that local anchoring is solid, so that project activities become sustainable in a given country when our financial support stops.” With regard to awareness, WDF programme coordinator, Mr Jakob Sloth Yigen Madsen, says: increasing knowledge about the benefits of healthy lifestyle behaviours among people living in developing countries is crucial – but it is not enough. We also need to understand what drives and hinders certain behaviours. These drivers and barriers can be individual, sociocultural as well as structural. “It is essential to understand the target group and its surroundings, and design interventions accordingly. For example, schoolchildren and factory workers may have very different reasons for not exercising, as a result of differences in knowledge, socio-cultural frameworks and opportunities for physical activity,” he says. When promoting healthy behaviours, we also need to assess whether these efforts work. Mr Madsen recommends collecting data about blood glucose levels, blood pressure and body mass index before and after such campaigns, to determine whe Continue reading >>

A Diabetes Mystery In Developing Nations

Can the spirit of wildly popular and innovative science podcasts, such as Radiolab, be brought to video? That’s what Emmy Award-winning producer Elliot Kirschner wanted to find out with an innovative new film about an aspect of the diabetes problem you probably haven’t heard about. Kirschner teamed up with award-winning director Adam Bolt, producer Jessica Harrop and editor Regina Sobel for an experiment in science storytelling supported by Science Sandbox. Continue reading >>

An Economic Evaluation For Prevention Of Diabetes Mellitus In A Developing Country: A Modelling Study

Abstract The serious consequences of diabetes mellitus, and the subsequent economic burden, call for urgent preventative action in developing countries. This study explores the clinical and economic outcomes of strategies that could potentially prevent diabetes based on Chinese circumstances. It aims to provide indicators for the long-term allocation of healthcare resources for authorities in developing countries. A representative sample of Chinese adults was used to create a simulated population of 20,000 people aged 25 years and above. The hybrid decision tree Markov model was developed to compare the long-term clinical and economic outcomes of four simulated diabetes prevention strategies with a control group, where no prevention applied. These preventive strategies were the following: (i) one-off screening for undiagnosed diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), with lifestyle interventions on diet, (ii) on exercise, (iii) on diet combined exercise (duo-intervention) respectively in those with IGT, and (iv) one-off screening alone. Independent age-specific models were simulated based on diverse incidences of diabetes, mortalities and health utilities. The reported outcomes were the following: the remaining survival years, the quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) per diabetes or IGT subjects, societal costs per simulated subject and the comparisons between preventions and control over 40 years. Sensitivity analyses were performed based on variations of all assumptions, in addition to the performance and the compliance of screening. Compared with the control group, all simulated screening programmes prolonged life expectancy at the initiation ages of 25 and 40 years, postponed the onset of diabetes and increased QALYs at every initiation age. Along with an assump Continue reading >>