Diabetes
For our bodies to work properly we need to convert glucose (sugar) from food into energy. A hormone called insulin is essential for the conversion of glucose into energy. In people with diabetes, insulin is no longer produced or not produced in sufficient amounts by the body. What is diabetes? Diabetes is a chronic disease characterised by high levels of glucose in the blood. Blood sugar levels are controlled by insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas. Diabetes occurs when the pancreas is unable to produce enough insulin, or the body becomes resistant to insulin, or both. There are three main forms of the disease: Type 1 diabetes is an auto-immune disease where the body's immune system attacks the insulin producing cells of the pancreas. People with type 1 diabetes cannot produce insulin and require lifelong insulin injections for survival. The disease can occur at any age, although it mostly occurs in children and young adults. Type 1 diabetes is sometimes referred to as juvenile onset diabetes or insulin dependent diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is associated with hereditary factors and lifestyle risk factors including poor diet, insufficient physical activity and overweight or obesity. People with type 2 diabetes may be able to manage their condition through lifestyle changes; however, diabetes medications or insulin injections may also be required to control blood sugar levels. Type 2 diabetes occurs mostly in people aged over 40 years old, however, the disease is also becoming increasingly prevalent in younger age groups. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy. The condition usually disappears once the baby is born, however, a history of gestational diabetes increases a woman's risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. The condition may be managed throu Continue reading >>
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Health Performance Framework 2014 Report
Why is it important? Diabetes is a long-term (chronic) condition in which blood glucose levels become too high because the body produces little or no insulin, or cannot use insulin properly. Over many years, high blood glucose levels can damage various parts of the body, especially the heart and blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves, resulting in permanent disability, mental health problems, reduced quality of life and premature death (AIHW 2008a). High blood glucose levels can cause complications for both the mother and baby during pregnancy. Diabetes is responsible for 12% of the health gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians (Vos et al. 2007). Diabetes rates are higher among Indigenous Australians than non-Indigenous Australians in every socioeconomic status group (Cunningham 2010). There are several forms of diabetes. The most common form is Type 2, which accounted for 85% of all diabetes in Australia in 2011–12 (ABS 2012a). Type 2 diabetes is a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. It is more common in people who are physically inactive, have a poor diet, and are overweight or obese (AIHW 2008a). Other factors such as heredity, low birthweight, intra-uterine factors and excessive alcohol consumption are also associated with increased risk. Type 1 diabetes, the most common form of diabetes in children, is generally thought to be rare among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples although misclassification problems with Type 2 diabetes make this difficult to ascertain (AIHW 2002). Findings The 2012–13 Health Survey included blood tests for measuring diabetes prevalence. In 2012–13, 11% of Indigenous Australians aged 18 years and over had diabetes. After adjusting for age diffe Continue reading >>
Prevalence Of Diabetes Mellitus In 6050 Hypopituitary Patients With Adult-onset Gh Deficiency Before Gh Replacement: A Kims Analysis
Objective GH deficiency (GHD) in adults is characterized by a tendency toward obesity and an adverse body composition with visceral fat deposit and may thus predispose to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to assess the observed prevalence proportion (PP) and observed PP over expected PP ratio (standardized prevalence proportion ratio, SPR) of diabetes according to International Diabetes Federation criteria in a large cohort of GH-untreated adult-onset GHD patients. Design and methods Associations between baseline variables and diabetes prevalence in 6050 GHD patients from KIMS (Pfizer International Metabolic Database) were studied and robust Poisson-regression analyses were performed. Comparisons between baseline status and HbA1c categories in the nondiabetic patients were done with covariance analysis. P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results PP was 9.3% compared with the expected 8.2%. SPR was 1.13 (95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), 1.041.23), which was significantly increased in females (1.23; 95% CI, 1.091.38%) but not in males (SPR 1.04; 95% CI, 0.921.17%). PP increased significantly by age, familial diabetes, country selection, BMI, waist circumference, number of pituitary deficiencies, and GHD etiology. SPR decreased significantly by age and increased significantly by BMI, waist circumference, and IGF1 SDS. Multiple regression model showed that the most important impact on SPR was from age and BMI. HbA1c values of 6.06.5% were found in 9.5% of nondiabetic patients and were associated with higher BMI and waist circumference. Conclusions GHD is associated with an increased prevalence of diabetes, largely to be explained by the adverse body composition. These data urge toward early initiation of lifest Continue reading >>
How Many Australians Have Diabetes?
An estimated 1.2 million (6%) Australian adults aged 18 years and over had diabetes in 2014–15, based on self-reported data, from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2014–15 National Health Survey. This includes people with type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and type unknown but excludes gestational diabetes. Information based on self-reported data only is likely to underestimate the prevalence of diabetes as it cannot include people with undiagnosed diabetes. The ABS 2011–12 Australian Health Survey, which included both measured and self-report data showed that for every 4 adults with diagnosed diabetes, there was 1 who was undiagnosed. The prevalence of diabetes (based on self-reported data) has tripled between 1989–90 and 2014–15. The proportion of people with diabetes has increased from 1.5% to 4.7%. Age and sex In 2014–15, the prevalence of diabetes among adults (based on self-reported data): Was higher for men (7%) than women (5%). Increased rapidly up to age 75, with rates among 65–74 year-olds (17%) 3 times as high as for 45–54 year-olds (5%) and 1.4 times as high as for 55–64 year olds (12%) (Figure 1). Figure 1: Prevalence of diabetes, among persons aged 18 and over, by age and sex, 2014–15 Source: AIHW analysis of ABS Microdata: National Health Survey (NHS), 2014–15 (Data tables). In 2014–15, the prevalence of diabetes (based on self-reported data) among adults was similar by remoteness and varied by socioeconomic disadvantage (Figure 2). Proportions were: Similar between Major cities (6%), Inner regional (7%) and Outer regional and remote areas (7%). Around twice as high in the lowest socioeconomic group (10% and 7% for men and women, respectively) as those in the highest socioeconomic group (4% each for men and women). Figure 2: Continue reading >>
Influence Of Insulin Therapy For Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus On Cancer Incidence.
e13036 Background: This study aimed to investigate the influence of insulin therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) on cancer development. Methods: We evaluated 4780 patients with T2D, treated at our institution, from 1994-2006, after excluding patients with 1) preexisting cancer or cancer within 1 year after T2D registration, 2) renal transplantation, and 3) follow-up period of < 5 years. The following information was collected from the patients’ electronic medical records: age; sex; registered date of T2D and cancer; last visit; use of metformin, insulin, and medications for microvascular complications; and start date of using insulin in the first year after cohort entrance. Insulin users were stratified according to insulin start date and complication as follows: < 3 months with (462 patients) or without complications (526 patients), ≥3 months with complications (852 patients) or without complications (1249 patients). The standardized incidence ratio (SIR) was calculated using the expected age-standardized incidence rate in Korea. The adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) of insulin was estimated for evaluation of all-year cancer risk and time interval of 3 years from cohort entrance. Results: SIR was > 1 in all cancer types except laryngeal and esophageal cancers. The median follow-up was 12 years (interquartile range: 9–15 years), and 679 events occurred. Insulin users had a significantly higher risk of all-time cancer. The patients with insulin use for ≥3 months without complications had a continuously increasing cancer risk 2–3, 4–6, 7–9, 10–12, and 13–15 years from cohort start (AHR [95% confidence interval {CI}]: 2.2 [0.91–5.3], P= 0.081; 2.39 [1.07–5.32], P= 0.0335; 1.98 [1.35–2.9], P= 0.0005; 2.41 [1.52–3.81], P= 0.0002; and 1.6 [0.6–2.83 Continue reading >>
- Differences in incidence of diabetic retinopathy between type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus: a nine-year follow-up study
- Influence of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus on periodontal tissues during orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review of animal studies
- Peers may influence how well type 1 diabetes is managed
4364.0.55.001 - National Health Survey: First Results, 2014-15
DIABETES MELLITUS Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition where insulin, a hormone that controls blood glucose levels, is no longer produced or not produced in sufficient amounts by the body. It significantly affects the health of many Australians and can result in a range of complications, including serious damage to the nerves and blood vessels. If left undiagnosed or poorly managed, diabetes can lead to coronary heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, limb amputations or blindness. Definitions In this publication, data on diabetes refers to persons who reported having been told by a doctor or nurse that they had diabetes, irrespective of whether the person considered their diabetes to be current or long-term. This definition was first used for estimates of diabetes in Australian Health Survey: Updated Results, 2011-12 (cat. no. 4364.0.55.003). Estimates of diabetes for all years in this publication are presented using this definition. In earlier publications, persons who had reported having diabetes but that it was not current were not included. Data excludes gestational diabetes. In 2014-15, 5.1% of the Australian population (1.2 million people) had some type of diabetes, an increase from 4.5% in 2011-12. One million people (4.4%) had Type 2 diabetes in 2014-15, up from 840,000 people (3.8%) in 2011-12. A further 158,900 people (0.7%) had Type 1 diabetes in 2014-15, up from 113,400 people in 2011-12 (0.5%). More males (5.7%) had diabetes than females (4.6%) in 2014-15, and, as with many health conditions, the rate of diabetes increased with age. Of people aged 75 years and over, almost one in five (18.4%) had diabetes in 2014-15. One of the main risk factors for developing Type 2 diabetes is being overweight or obese[1], as excess body weight can interfere with the Continue reading >>
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![[ia-2 And Anti-gad Antibodies In Patients With Newly Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetes And Their First Degree Relatives].](https://diabetestalk.net/images/xyXYhIuHdQRSaySB.jpg)
[ia-2 And Anti-gad Antibodies In Patients With Newly Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetes And Their First Degree Relatives].
[IA-2 and anti-GAD antibodies in patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes and their first degree relatives]. Klinika Endokrynologii Akademia Medyczna w Biaymstoku. [email protected] Antibodies recognising different pancreatic autoantigens (Abs) are detected many years before the clinical onset of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). The humoral immune alterations, observed in the susceptible subjects, for example in first degree relatives of IDDM patients, could serve as predictive markers of IDDM development. It has recently been suggested that the predictive value of these humoral markers is associated with the number of the studied antibodies directed against different pancreatic antigens (ICA, GADA, IA-2,A IAA). The aim of the study was the estimation of the prevalence and titre of the antibodies directed against protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 (IA-2) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in patients with newly diagnosed diabetes type 1 and their first degree relatives. The investigations were carried out in 52 diabetics (aged 5-25 years) and 136 first degree relatives. IA-2A and GADA were performed by radiobinding assay (RIA) using 2 microliters of serum and recombinant S35-labelled GAD65 and IA-2 antigens. The threshold of Abs detection was > or = 97.5 centile (of healthy schoolchildren). At least one of the antibody marker was detected in 92.7% of newly diagnosed IDDM patients, slightly more frequently observed were GADA (78.8%) than IA-2A (71.2%). The presence of 2 types of antibodies was found in 8.7% of parents and 9.4% of the siblings. The results of our study confirm high sensitivity and specificity of the combined measurement of IA-2A and GADA in recognising of autoimmune alterations in diabetes type 1 development. Taking into conside Continue reading >>
Type B Insulin Resistance Syndrome In A Hospitalized Patient With Diabetes Mellitus (dm), Responsive To Immune Therapy
Type B Insulin Resistance Syndrome in a Hospitalized Patient with Diabetes Mellitus (DM), Responsive to Immune Therapy We describe the case of a 55-y We describe the case of a 55-year old African-American woman with vitiligo, hypothyroidism, interstitial lung disease (ILD), and type 2 DM, who developed severe insulin resistance (IR) due to anti-insulin receptor antibodies (Abs). The patient was admitted to the ICU for respiratory failure after cataract surgery. Prior to admission, her DM was under fair control (HbA1c 8.1%) on [sim]100 U/day of insulin. While in the hospital, when steroid treatment for ILD was discontinued, her insulin requirements increased dramatically. She remained hyperglycemic (serum glucose 300-500 mg/dl), despite intravenous insulin doses as high as 30,000 U/day (either regular or aspart). She was obese (BMI 41.7 kg/m2), and there was vitiligo, but not acanthosis nigricans on physical examination. When her BG was 406 mg/dl, the plasma C-peptide was 2.8 ng/ml and the serum insulin level was 49 [micro]U/mL, the latter measured with an assay specific for human insulin while the patient was on IV aspart. Anti-insulin, anti-GAD, and islet cell autoantibodies were negative but the anti-insulin receptor Abs were detected at a titer of 1:2 . The patient[apos]s insulin resistance was responsive to both glucocorticoids and plasmapheresis. When prednisone 60 mg/day was administered, her daily insulin requirements decreased to near her pre-admission doses. When steroids were subsequently tapered, glycemic control deteriorated once again. Plasmapharesis was then initiated, inducing a striking acute decline in insulin needs. Currently, on a maintenance dose of 10 mg prednisone/day, her glucose control is acceptable on 40 U NPH insulin BID. Type B IR syndrome is Continue reading >>
Red Meat Consumption And Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Risk: A Systematic Review Of The Evidence
Red meat consumption and type 2 diabetes mellitus risk: A systematic review of the evidence Emma Derbyshire (Nutritional Insight Ltd, Worcester Park, UK) This review aims to evaluate and review literature published in the area of rising concerns that red meat consumption may be associated with risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), although there have been discrepancies between study findings, and put the findings into context. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic literature review was undertaken to locate and summarise relevant studies which included epidemiological and clinical studies published between 2004 and 2014. A total of 23 studies were found, with 21 epidemiological and two clinical studies meeting the criteria. Overall, the totality of the evidence indicates that while processed meat consumption appears to be associated with T2DM risk, the effect is much weaker for red meat, with some associations attenuated after controlling for body weight parameters. Where studies have considered high intakes in relation to T2DM risk, meat intake has tended to exceed 600 g per week. Therefore, keeping red meat intakes within recommended guidelines of no more than 500 g per week, while opting for lean cuts or trimming fat, would seem to be an evidence-based response. The majority of studies conducted to date have been observational cohorts which cannot determine cause and effect. Most of these used food frequency questionnaires which are known to be subject to misclassification errors (Brown, 2006). Clearly, more randomised controlled trials are needed to establish whether red meat consumption impacts on markers of glucose control. Until then, conclusions can only be viewed as speculative. This pa Continue reading >>
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Lipid Peroxidation Is Associated With Poor Control Of Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus - Sciencedirect
Lipid peroxidation is associated with poor control of type-2 diabetes mellitus Author links open overlay panel Sameer HassanFatania Hyperglycemia increases oxidative stress through the overproduction of reactive oxygen species, which results in an imbalance between free radicals and the antioxidant defense system of the cells. A positive correlation was reported between lipid peroxide levels and diabetic complication. The aim of the present study was to investigate the state of oxidative stress in controlled and uncontrolled diabetic patients. One hundred thirty nine participants were included in this study, grouped as: Group-I: Healthy Control group of non-diabetic normal subjects, Group-II: Controlled type-2 DM group of subjects with type-2 DM and HbA1c8% and Group-III: Uncontrolled type-2 DM group of subjects with type-2 DM and HbA1c>8%. Fasting blood glucose, 2h postprandial glucose, MDA and HbA1c were quantified. The association between diabetic control and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) was evaluated. The mean HbA1c increased significantly in uncontrolled type-2 DM subjects compared to controlled type-2 DM group. Lipid peroxidation as expressed in MDA was significantly increased in uncontrolled type-2 DM group compared to controlled type-2 DM, both groups show significant elevation in this parameter compared to healthy subjects. There is a significant positive correlation between MDA and HbA1c in the studied subjects. The core problem during diabetes is poor glycemic control, which leads to protein glycation, lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress and nally varieties of complications. Periodic evaluation of lipid peroxidation products in diabetes mellitus is recommended as it could contribute to the early identication and management of oxidative stress. Continue reading >>
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Patient And Disease Characteristics Associated With The Presence Of Diabetes Mellitus In Adults With Chronic Pancreatitis In The United States
Patient and Disease Characteristics Associated With the Presence of Diabetes Mellitus in Adults With Chronic Pancreatitis in the United States The American Journal of Gastroenterology volume 112, pages 14571465 (2017) Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common complication of chronic pancreatitis (CP). Past studies for DM risk factors in CP have been limited to single centers or highly focused on a single etiology such as alcoholic or hereditary disease. We studied risk factors for DM in a large population of patients with CP of all etiologies enrolled in the North American Pancreatitis 2 studies. Participants (1,171) with CP (n=383 with DM, n=788 without DM) were enrolled prospectively from 26 participating centers. Questionnaires were completed by patients and physicians in a cross-sectional assessment. Patient demographics and disease characteristics were compared for CP with DM vs. without DM. Logistic regression was performed to assess the variables associated with DM diagnosis in a multivariable model. Diabetics were more likely to be black (P=0.02), overweight, or obese (P<0.001), and with a family history of DM (P=0.0005). CP patients with DM were more likely to have pancreatic calcifications (63% vs. 54%, P=0.002), atrophy (44% vs. 32%, P<0.0001), and prior pancreas surgery (26.9% vs. 16.9%, P<0.0001). In multivariate logistic regression modeling, the strongest risk factors for DM were obesity (odds ratio (OR) 2.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.9, 4.2) and exocrine insufficiency (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.8, 3.2). In this large multicenter cohort of patients with CP, exocrine insufficiency, calcifications, and pancreas surgery conveyed higher odds of having DM. However, the traditional type 2 DM risk factors of obesity and family history were similarly important in conveying Continue reading >>
4364.0.55.002 - Health Service Usage And Health Related Actions, Australia, 2014-15
4364.0.55.002 - Health Service Usage and Health Related Actions, Australia, 2014-15 Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 27/03/2017 Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition in which insulin, a hormone that is essential for converting glucose into energy, is no longer produced or not produced in sufficient amounts by the body1. In 2014-15, 5.1% of the Australian population (1.2 million people) had some type of diabetes, an increase from 4.5% in 2011-12. More than half (55.4%) of people with diabetes had a parent or sibling who had also been told they have diabetes. Of all people with diabetes, 84.8% had consulted a GP in the last 12 months for their condition, 24.3% had consulted a specialist and 16.6% had consulted a diabetes educator. Proportionally, more people with diabetes had consulted a GP in the last 12 months for their condition than people with any of the other long-term health conditions published in this release (which ranged between 51.8% and 72.9%). Around 1 in 10 (9.1%) people with diabetes who were employed or studying/at school took time off work or study/school in the last 12 months due to their diabetes. A recommended test to determine whether a person's diabetes is being managed is the HbA1C test2. This measures the amount of glucose in the blood that binds to the haemoglobin present in red blood cells. In 2014-15, three-quarters (73.6%) of all people with diabetes had had an HbA1C test in the last 12 months. Regular testing of blood glucose levels is also an important part of managing diabetes. Of all people with diabetes, 41.4% reported testing their blood glucose levels every day, while a further 17.6% tested their blood glucose at least once a week. If poorly managed, diabetes can result in a range of complications, such as retinopat Continue reading >>
Analyzing The Some Biochemical Parameters Of Diabetes Mellitus And Obese Patients Who Applied To Siirt State Hospital Endocrine Polyclinic And Their Prevalence
Analyzing the some biochemical parameters of diabetes mellitus and obese patients who applied to Siirt State Hospital endocrine polyclinic and their prevalence AIP Conference Proceedings 1726, 020101 (2016); 1 Siirt University , School of Health, 56100, Siirt, Turkey 2 Siirt University , Head of Health, Culture and Sports Department, 56100, Siirt, Turkey Obesity and diabetes are major public health problems throughout the World. Obese individuals body mass index (BMI) is >30 kg/m2. Obesity is characterized by increased waist circumference, total body fat and hyperglycemia. The increased triglyceride and cholesterol level is also shown in obese individuals. The development of obesity is largely due to the consumption of high energy food and sedentary lifestyle. This study was held with the participation of patients applied to Siirt State Hospital endocrine policlinic for treatment. Our aim is to try to determine the biochemical relation and border line of obese and obese+diabetes mellitus patients. Patients and control group profiles were studied in the hospital biochemisty laboratory. Laboratory results of diabetes+obese, obese and control groups were evaluated. Patients and control samples blood serum levels were compared according to their profiles. In 2015, 735 diabetes mellitus type 2 patients applied to Endocrine polyclinic. Some of these patients serum levels were evaluated. Difference between diabetes+obese and diabetes groups were near critical level for LDL and trigliserid. There were not observed statistically significant difference between groups in terms of HDL and cholesterol. There were found significant difference between groups for blood glucose p<0.003, age p<0.001. According to gender between women and men serum levels, ALT and AST levels; p<0.006 and Continue reading >>
4363.0 - National Health Survey: Users' Guide, 2014-15
Definition This topic refers primarily to those ever told by a doctor or nurse they have diabetes mellitus or high sugar levels in their blood or urine. All types reported were recorded for the item 'whether ever told by a doctor or nurse': Diabetes - type 1 Diabetes - type 2 Diabetes - gestational Diabetes - insipidus Diabetes - type unknown High sugar levels. More than one response was allowed. For respondents who reported they currently had any type of diabetes, their condition was assumed to be long-term (of six months or more duration), with the exception of gestational diabetes (which is assumed to be short-term) and high sugar levels (which has an additional question to determine whether it was long-term). Those reporting only diabetes insipidus were recorded as a current, long-term condition and coded under other endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases. References to diabetes refer to diabetes mellitus only. Estimates in all ABS publications exclude gestational diabetes and diabetes insipidus. Population Information was obtained for all persons in the 2014-15 NHS. Methodology Information about diabetes mellitus was first published in the National Health Survey: First Results, 2014-15 based on a sample of 19,259 people. Additional information relating to actions taken for diabetes mellitus was also published in Health Service Usage and Health related Actions, Australia, 2014-15. In the 2014-15 NHS, diabetes/high sugar level conditions are classified into one of the following condition status categories: Ever told has condition, still current and long-term Ever told has condition, not current Not known or not ever told, but condition current and long-term Respondents were asked: Whether they had ever been told by a doctor or nurse that they had diabetes and/ Continue reading >>
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- Mutual Involvement in Families With Type 2 Diabetes Through Web-Based Health Care Solutions: Quantitative Survey Study of Family Preferences, Challenges, and Potentials
- Pre-diabetes, diabetes rates fuel national health crisis
