How Hba1c Is Calculated?

A1c Test And Units Conversion

A1c Test The A1C test is a blood test that used to diagnose type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It is used gauge how well you’re managing your diabetes. The A1C test is also known as glycosylated hemoglobin, hemoglobin A1C, glycated hemoglobin and also HbA1c. The A1C test result is used as an representative indication of your average blood sugar level for the past two to three months. The A1C test is specifically used to measure what percentage of the hemoglobin (protein) in the red blood cells carries oxygen and is coated with sugar (glycated). A higher A1C level indicates poor blood sugar control and a higher risk of developing diabetes complications. A1c Test Units Some countries, such as the UK, Australia and New Zealand, use a different set of units for measuring A1c results. The way A1c values are reported in the US, using %, is known as the DCCT (Diabetes Control and Complications Trial) units. The way A1c is reported in some other countries is using the IFCC (International Federation of Clinical Chemistry) units. The IFCC values use mmol/mol (millimoles per mole). If you need to convert an A1c result from % to mmol/mol, or vice versa, use the calculator below. It will also give you the conversaion into mg/dl to compare it with your blood glucose readings and eAG results. A1c Units Converter Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high levels of glucose in the bloodstream which leads to hyperglycemia if untreated. It is strongly linked to obesity and unhealthy lifestyle habits such as lack of physical activity, poor diet and smoking. How common is type 2 diabetes? Type 2 diabetes is by far the most common form of diabetes mellitus, accounting for roughly 90% of all cases of diabetes. It affects an estimated 330 million people worldwide, includi Continue reading >>

Privacy And Terms And Conditions

Privacy Policy and Terms and Conditions Privacy Perinatology.com does not collect or track personal information from web site visitors. Generic information from server logs may be used in aggregate form solely for the purpose of improving web site quality. Terms and Conditions Information contained at Perinatology.com and its links are made available under the following conditions: Changes may occur, since the last update, which affect the accuracy and availability of the information presented. Visitors are advised when making use or any decision based on information obtained from the Internet, to verify the information independently. All calculations must be confirmed before use. The suggested results are not a substitute for clinical judgment. Neither Perinatology.com nor any other party involved in the preparation or publication of this site shall be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary In consideration of your use of this website , perinatology.com, you covenant not to sue, and further waive, release and discharge, perinatology.com and Focus Information Technology, Inc, and any person and/or organization associated with the website from any and all claims to liability for death, personal injury, or property damage of any kind or nature, whatsoever arising out of, or in the course of, your use of this website. Neither perinatology.com or Focus Information Technology,nor any other individual, organization or other party involved in the preparation or publication of this website shall be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting in whole or part from any use of or reliance upon the results or values generated by the calculators or other information or materials included on this website Accessibility of services, documents, pro Continue reading >>

The Glooko Roi Calculator

This calculator projects how much your organization can save by deploying Glooko for your diabetes population. Step 1: Tell Us About Your Organization Step 2: Tell Us About Your Organization's Monitoring Goals Fill out the questions above to see your potential savings The Glooko ROI Calculator is provided to create an estimate of annual diabetes-related ROI when a diabetes monitoring program is deployed using Glooko. Actual ROI may vary. The tool is provided “as is” without any warranties. Costs for coaching or a employing a diabetes management call center is not included. (1) National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2014, CDC, 2014. (2) Smith A, Record Shares of Americans Now Own Smartphones, Have Home Broadband, Pew Research Center, 2017. (3) Bashshur RL, Shannon GW, Smith BR, et al., The Empirical Evidence for the Telemedicine Intervention in Diabetes Management, Telemedicine and e-Health, 2015;21(5):321-356. Continue reading >>

Diabetes Calculator for Kids

Association Between Blood Glucose Level Derived Using The Oral Glucose Tolerance Test And Glycated Hemoglobin Level

INTRODUCTION Diabetes is a very prevalent chronic disease. In 2011, approximately four million Korean adults had been diagnosed with diabetes, representing 12.4% of the overall adult population over 30 years of age [1]. Most individuals with type 2 diabetes have pre-diabetes for several years prior to a diagnosis of diabetes, by which point complications may already have progressed [2]. In the mid-1970s, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was identified as a marker of average glycemic control during the 2 to 3 months prior to measurement. As blood glucose levels vary widely during both fasting and postprandial periods, the HbA1c level is a more accurate indicator of long-term glycemic control. However, HbA1c levels are of little diagnostic value because they are not standardized. In 2009, advances in test technology finally allowed an international expert committee to recommend inclusion of HbA1c level in the diagnostic criteria for diabetes [3]. In 2010, HbA1c thresholds of ≥ 6.5% for “diabetes” and 5.7% to 6.4% for “pre-diabetes” were added to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) diagnostic guidelines [4]. Measurement of HbA1c level entails a one-time blood test that does not require prior fasting, and the test is familiar to most clinicians [5]. Many studies of the associations between HbA1c levels and vascular complications have been reported. According to the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) and the UK Prospective Diabetes Study, effective management of HbA1c level can reduce the risk of microvascular complications including retinopathy and nephropathy [6,7]. Control Group et al. [8] reported that strict control of the HbA1c level reduced the risk of macrovascular complications. Although the HbA1c level is thus widely used as a clinical marker Continue reading >>

Hemoglobin A1c

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) refers to a minor population of HbA that has been modified by attachment of glucose to the N-terminal amino acid of the beta globin chain. Since erythrocytes are freely permeable to glucose, the attachment occurs continually over the entire lifespan of the erythrocyte and is dependent on glucose concentration and the duration of exposure of the erythrocyte to blood glucose. HbA1c is a weighted average of blood glucose levels during the preceding 120 days, which is the average life span of red blood cells. A large change in mean blood glucose can increase HbA1c levels within 1-2 weeks. Sudden changes in HbA1c may occur because recent changes in blood glucose levels contribute relatively more to the final HbA1c levels than earlier events. For instance, mean blood glucose levels in the 30 days immediately preceding blood sampling contribute 50% to the HbA1c level, whereas glucose levels in the preceding 90-120 day period contribute only 10%. Thus, it does not take 120 days to detect a clinically meaningful change in HbA1c following a significant change in mean plasma glucose level. Hemoglobin A1c Methods Methods for analysis of HbA1c can essentially be divided into 2 categories depending on whether they measure HbA1c based upon charge or structure. The most common charge-based method utilizes cation-exchange high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). In this method, different hemoglobin molecules (eg, HbA, HbA2, HbF) are eluted from the column at different times following exposure to buffers of increasing ionic strength, depending on their charge. HbA1c is less positively charged than HbA and does not bind as tightly to the negatively charged resin. Therefore, it elutes more rapidly than HbA. The quantity of each Hb fraction in the eluate is quantit Continue reading >>

Glycated Hemoglobin

Glycated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A1c, HbA1c, A1C, or Hb1c; sometimes also referred to as being Hb1c or HGBA1C) is a form of hemoglobin that is measured primarily to identify the three-month average plasma glucose concentration. The test is limited to a three-month average because the lifespan of a red blood cell is four months (120 days). However, since RBCs do not all undergo lysis at the same time, HbA1C is taken as a limited measure of 3 months. It is formed in a non-enzymatic glycation pathway by hemoglobin's exposure to plasma glucose. HbA1c is a measure of the beta-N-1-deoxy fructosyl component of hemoglobin.[1] The origin of the naming derives from Hemoglobin type A being separated on cation exchange chromatography. The first fraction to separate, probably considered to be pure Hemoglobin A, was designated HbA0, the following fractions were designated HbA1a, HbA1b, and HbA1c, respective of their order of elution. There have subsequently been many more sub fractions as separation techniques have improved.[2] Normal levels of glucose produce a normal amount of glycated hemoglobin. As the average amount of plasma glucose increases, the fraction of glycated hemoglobin increases in a predictable way. This serves as a marker for average blood glucose levels over the previous three months before the measurement as this is the lifespan of red blood cells. In diabetes mellitus, higher amounts of glycated hemoglobin, indicating poorer control of blood glucose levels, have been associated with cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. A trial on a group of patients with Type 1 diabetes found that monitoring by caregivers of HbA1c led to changes in diabetes treatment and improvement of metabolic control compared to monitoring only of blood or urine glu Continue reading >>

Why The A1c Test Is Important

The A1c is a blood test, done in a lab, that shows what your average blood sugar has been for the past 3 months. Other names for this test are glycosylated hemoglobin, glycohemoglobin, hemoglobin A1c, and HbA1c. How the A1c Test Works The glucose that the body doesn't store or use for energy stays in the blood and attaches to red blood cells, which live in the bloodstream for about 4 months. The lab test measures the amount of glucose attached to the red blood cells. The amount is the A1c and is shown as a percentage. Your A1c number can give you and your health care team a good idea of how well you've controlled your blood sugar over the previous 2 to 3 months. When you get your A1c result from a Kaiser Permanente lab, you'll also see another number called the estimated Average Glucose, or eAG. Understanding the eAG Your estimated Average Glucose (eAG) number is calculated from the result of your A1c test. Like the A1c, the eAG shows what your average blood sugars have been over the previous 2 to 3 months. Instead of a percentage, the eAG is in the same units (mg/dl) as your blood glucose meter. The chart shows the relationship between the A1c percentage and the eAG. If A1c % is: Your eAG is: 6 126 6.5 140 7 154 7.5 169 8 183 8.5 197 9 212 9.5 226 10 240 10.5 255 11 269 11.5 283 12 298 What the Numbers Mean The A1c and eAG reflect your average blood sugar over a period of time. These numbers help you and your doctor see how well your treatment plan is working. The higher your A1c and eAG numbers are, the higher your chances for having long-term health problems caused by consistently high blood sugar levels. These problems include heart attacks, strokes, kidney failure, vision problems, and numbness in your legs or feet. The lower your A1c and eAG numbers, the lower you Continue reading >>

Understanding The New Hba1c Units For The Diagnosis Of Type 2 Diabetes

In the absence of overt symptoms of hyperglycaemia, the diagnosis of diabetes has been based on plasma glucose concentrations that are associated with an increased risk of its specific microvascular complications, in particular retinopathy.1,2 The precise criteria have always been determined by consensus among experts and are based principally on several large observational cohort studies. The criteria have been repeatedly modified over time as more high quality data have become available. Most recently many international diabetes societies have adopted the measurement of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) as a legitimate diagnostic test for the diagnosis of diabetes using a “cut point” for the diagnosis of ≥6.5%.3–5 Recently there has been a change in the reporting units for HbA1c from percent to mmol/mol that has been driven by the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) and is linked to the standardisation of routine assays for HbA1c to a new reference method.6 The validity of the process has been accepted by many international diabetes societies (American Diabetes Association, Canadian Diabetes Society, European Association for the Study of Diabetes and International Diabetes Federation) as well as by the New Zealand Society for the Study of Diabetes (NZSSD).7 A NZSSD Working Party, made up of members representing clinicians, academics, laboratory staff, general practitioners and population health experts, has developed and now published a new position statement for the diagnosis of diabetes.7 This article explains the changes in use of HbA1c recommended in that statement and expands on the evidence behind these modifications. New units All methods used to measure HbA1c in New Zealand are now standardised through traceability to the IFCC reference me Continue reading >>

Why Doesn’t My Average Blood Glucose Match My A1c?!

So, you test your meter for accuracy and everything looks good. You take your average BG and convert it to A1C using a table, calculator, or equation you find online. Then, you get your blood work done and learn that your actual A1C is… Not even close! What’s the deal? As it turns out, the relationship between average BG and A1C isn’t as clear as most of us think. After doing some research, I came across a couple reasons why someone’s actual A1C may be higher or lower than expected… But before we get into that, let’s briefly go over why A1C is used to approximate average glucose over ~3 months: As glucose enters your blood, it attaches to a protein in your red blood cells called “hemoglobin.” Hemoglobin is the same protein that carries oxygen in your bloodstream, and it is what gives blood its red color A1C measures the total amount of glucose that has attached to your hemoglobin over the lifespan of your red blood cells (typically ~3 months). OK, now that we’ve got the science down, here’s why your average BG and lab-measured A1C values might not match up: 1. BG meter average does not usually reflect the average over a full 24 hours This reason is pretty obvious. If you are not on a CGM, it’s tough to get a full picture of your average blood glucose throughout the day. We generally test much more during the day than at night, and nighttime glucose values may be very different from daytime values. We also tend to test more often before eating (when glucose is typically lower), and less often after meals (when glucose is typically higher). So, for most people, BG meter average doesn’t accurately reflect average blood glucose over a full 24 hours. A1C, on the other hand, does. If you want your BG meter average to better reflect your A1C values, che Continue reading >>

The Association Between Estimated Average Glucose Levels And Fasting Plasma Glucose Levels

CLINICAL SCIENCE Giray Bozkaya; Emrah Ozgu; Baysal Karaca Izmir Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital, Biochemistry, Bozyaka Izmir, Turkey. Email: [email protected] Tel.: 90 232 2505050 ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: The level of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), also known as glycated hemoglobin, determines how well a patient's blood glucose level has been controlled over the previous 8-12 weeks. HbA1c levels help patients and doctors understand whether a particular diabetes treatment is working and whether adjustments need to be made to the treatment. Because the HbA1c level is a marker of blood glucose for the previous 120 days, average blood glucose levels can be estimated using HbA1c levels. Our aim in the present study was to investigate the relationship between estimated average glucose levels, as calculated by HbA1c levels, and fasting plasma glucose levels. METHODS: The fasting plasma glucose levels of 3891 diabetic patient samples (1497 male, 2394 female) were obtained from the laboratory information system used for HbA1c testing by the Department of Internal Medicine at the Izmir Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital in Turkey. These samples were selected from patient samples that had hemoglobin levels between 12 and 16 g/dL. The estimated glucose levels were calculated using the following formula: 28.7 x HbA1c - 46.7. Glucose and HbA1c levels were determined using hexokinase and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods, respectively. RESULTS: A strong positive correlation between fasting plasma glucose levels and estimated average blood glucose levels (r=0.757, p<0.05) was observed. The difference was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Reporting the estimated average glucose level together with the HbA1c level is believed to assist patients and doctors d Continue reading >>

Hba1c Test Results Don't Tell The Full Story

back to Overview When I was a teenager, the HbA1c test results cut straight through my lies and made-up paper logbook. It’s often viewed as the number to rule all numbers. But hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test results can be misleading and don’t tell the full story. As I learned in my teens, the HbA1c test shines a light on things I was trying to hide. Overall, It’s not good at getting to the details of blood sugars, but when used with other pieces of information it can draw attention to (sometimes unseen) problem areas in our diabetes management, and that’s a good thing. How do HbA1c test results work? Let’s take a quick look at the basics of the HbA1c test. A certain amount of sugar in your blood sticks to your red blood cells and can’t be unstuck. It’s there for the life of the cell, which is, on average, about 8-12 weeks. Those red blood cells in your body are constantly recycled, and by checking your HbA1c value every 8-12 weeks (or as often as recommended by your doctor – the ADA recommends at least twice a year), you get to see a fresh new grouping of them. So – A higher blood sugar for a longer time means more sugar on more cells – which means a higher HbA1c. Get it? Ideal HbA1c range HbA1c goals are very individual, which makes sense. We’re all different, right? Of course, there are reference values as a guide, and that’s a good place to start. The ADA suggests an HbA1c of 7%, but also say that “more or less stringent glycemic goals may be appropriate for each individual.” Why have different goals? Because, as you know, there’s a lot to consider with diabetes. Avoiding lows (hypoglycemia) while pushing for lower A1c’s is really important because low blood sugars are immediately dangerous. It’s simply not safe to push for a very low H Continue reading >>

Tests For Blood Sugar (glucose) And Hba1c

Blood sugar (glucose) measurements are used to diagnose diabetes. They are also used to monitor glucose control for those people who are already known to have diabetes. Play VideoPlayMute0:00/0:00Loaded: 0%Progress: 0%Stream TypeLIVE0:00Playback Rate1xChapters Chapters Descriptions descriptions off, selected Subtitles undefined settings, opens undefined settings dialog captions and subtitles off, selected Audio TrackFullscreen This is a modal window. Beginning of dialog window. Escape will cancel and close the window. TextColorWhiteBlackRedGreenBlueYellowMagentaCyanTransparencyOpaqueSemi-TransparentBackgroundColorBlackWhiteRedGreenBlueYellowMagentaCyanTransparencyOpaqueSemi-TransparentTransparentWindowColorBlackWhiteRedGreenBlueYellowMagentaCyanTransparencyTransparentSemi-TransparentOpaqueFont Size50%75%100%125%150%175%200%300%400%Text Edge StyleNoneRaisedDepressedUniformDropshadowFont FamilyProportional Sans-SerifMonospace Sans-SerifProportional SerifMonospace SerifCasualScriptSmall CapsReset restore all settings to the default valuesDoneClose Modal Dialog End of dialog window. If your glucose level remains high then you have diabetes. If the level goes too low then it is called hypoglycaemia. The main tests for measuring the amount of glucose in the blood are: Random blood glucose level. Fasting blood glucose level. The HbA1c blood test. Oral glucose tolerance test. Capillary blood glucose (home monitoring). Urine test for blood sugar (glucose). Blood tests for blood sugar (glucose) Random blood glucose level A sample of blood taken at any time can be a useful test if diabetes is suspected. A level of 11.1 mmol/L or more in the blood sample indicates that you have diabetes. A fasting blood glucose test may be done to confirm the diagnosis. Fasting blood glucose level Continue reading >>

Doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.9135-17 Intern Med Advance Publication

doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.9135-17 Intern Med Advance Publication ã€ CASE REPORT ã€‘ Importance of the Average Glucose Level and Estimated Glycated Hemoglobin in a Diabetic Patient with Hereditary Hemolytic Anemia and Liver Cirrhosis Rieko Nakatani 1, Takashi Murata 2, Takeshi Usui 3,4, Koki Moriyoshi 5, Toshiki Komeda 6, Yuichi Masuda 2, Maiko Kakita-Kobayashi 1, Tetsuya Tagami 1,3, Shinsaku Imashuku 7, Shigeo Kono 2, Kazunori Yamada 2 and Akira Shimatsu 1-3 Abstract: Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is a widely used marker of glycemic control but can be affected by hemo- lytic anemia. Glycated albumin (GA) is also affected in patients with liver cirrhosis. We herein report the as- sessment of glycemic control in a 41-year-old man with dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis and a PIEZO1 gene mutation complicated by diabetes mellitus and liver cirrhosis due to hemochromatosis. The estimated HbA1c calculated from the average glucose level obtained by continuous glucose monitoring or by self- monitoring of blood glucose was useful for evaluating the glycemic control in this patient, as HbA1c and GA were unreliable due to the coexisting conditions. Key words: diabetes mellitus, average glucose level, continuous glucose monitoring, estimated HbA1c, hemolytic anemia, dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis with PIEZO1 gene mutation (Intern Med Advance Publication) (DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.9135-17) Introduction Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is widely used for the as- sessment of glycemic control in patients with diabetes melli- tus. HbA1c reflects the average glucose level over the previ- ous 1 to 2 months, since the mean erythrocyte lifespan is 120 days. Regarding individualized glycemic control goals, the clinical practice guidelines of the Japan Diabetes Society recom Continue reading >>

A1c Calculator*

Average blood glucose and the A1C test Your A1C test result (also known as HbA1c or glycated hemoglobin) can be a good general gauge of your diabetes control, because it provides an average blood glucose level over the past few months. Unlike daily blood glucose test results, which are reported as mg/dL, A1C is reported as a percentage. This can make it difficult to understand the relationship between the two. For example, if you check blood glucose 100 times in a month, and your average result is 190 mg/dL this would lead to an A1C of approximately 8.2%, which is above the target of 7% or lower recommended by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) for many adults who are not pregnant. For some people, a tighter goal of 6.5% may be appropriate, and for others, a less stringent goal such as 8% may be better.1 Talk to your doctor about the right goal for you. GET YOURS FREE The calculation below is provided to illustrate the relationship between A1C and average blood glucose levels. This calculation is not meant to replace an actual lab A1C result, but to help you better understand the relationship between your test results and your A1C. Use this information to become more familiar with the relationship between average blood glucose levels and A1C—never as a basis for changing your disease management. See how average daily blood sugar may correlate to A1C levels.2 Enter your average blood sugar reading and click Calculate. *Please discuss this additional information with your healthcare provider to gain a better understanding of your overall diabetes management plan. The calculation should not be used to make therapy decisions or changes. What is A1C? Performed by your doctor during your regular visits, your A1C test measures your average blood sugar levels by taking a Continue reading >>

Conversion Of Fructosamine To Approximate Hba1c Level

The fructosamine assay is a measure of glycaemic control over a period of 2 to 3 weeks in diabetic patients. It is cheap and rapid. It measures the levels of glycosylated - with fructose groups - serum proteins. Interpretation of serum fructosamine level as with many lab values, the reference range is different from laboratory to laboratory, so all results must be interpreted within the context of the institution you are practicing in. As a guideline, each 75 umol change equals a change of approximately 60 mg/dl blood sugar or 2% HbA1c. Here is a rough conversion chart: Fructosamine HbA1C (%) HbA1C (mmol/mol) 212.5 5.0 31 250 6.0 42 287.5 7.0 53 325 8.0 64 362.5 9.0 75 400 10.0 86 437.5 11.0 97 475 12.0 108 Reference: Guillausseau P-J, Charles M-A, Godard V, Timsit J, Chanson P, Paolaggi F et al. Comparison of fructosamine with glycated hemoglobin as an index of glycemic control in diabetic patients. Diabetes Research, 1990. 13:127-131. Continue reading >>