How Are Glucose And Atp Similar And How Are They Different?

Glycolysis | Biological Molecules And Cells | Uzinggo

After completing this tutorial, you will be able to complete the following: Write the equation for lactic acid fermentation. Write the equation for ethyl alcohol fermentation. Write the equation for cellular respiration. List the similarities between cellular respiration and fermentation. List the differences between cellular respiration and fermentation. ~ The two types of respiration are fermentation and cellular respiration. How are fermentation and cellular respiration alike? ~ Fermentation and cellular respiration are alike in that they both begin with a series of reactions known as glycolysis, which breaks glucose molecules into smaller pyruvate molecules. They are also similar in that during both processes, ATP is produced for the cell to use. How are fermentation and cellular respiration different? ~ Fermentation and cellular respiration differ in that fermentation does not require oxygen while cellular respiration does. Fermentation and cellular respiration are also different because water molecules are not produced during fermentation but are produced during cellular respiration. All fermentation reactions occur in the cell's cytoplasm but during cellular respiration, only glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm. Lastly, fermentation produces a net gain of 2 ATPs while cellular respiration produces a net gain of 32 ATPs. What causes muscle pain in our bodies after we exert ourselves? ~ As we exert ourselves, our cells may begin to run out of oxygen. As a result, our cells begin fermentation, which allows them to continue to produce ATP. This results in the production of lactic acid in our muscle cells. The accumulation of lactic acid is what causes muscle tenderness. Continue reading >>

Similarities Between Combustion & Cellular Respiration

Similarities Between Combustion & Cellular Respiration By Micah McDunnigan; Updated April 25, 2017 Engines need energy to move. This is true whether you are talking about the internal combustion engines that power most cars or the processes that power organic life forms. Internal combustion engines get their energy through the process of combustion, while organisms get their energy through a process called cellular respiration. The two processes are very similar in nature. Both cellular respiration and combustion require a core fuel for the process to happen at all. This fuel is stored energy, and the entire process of combustion or respiration is to convert that energy from its stored state -- in the fuel -- to another state that the engine, either mechanical or bionic, can use to power its other operations. While fossil fuels and sugar molecules have very different structures, they both have a series of molecular bonds that the energy harvesting process will break apart. While breaking apart the bonds to release the stored energy from the fuels -- either fossil fuels for combustion or sugars for respiration -- the bonds will not break themselves apart. In each case, a catalyst is required to start the reaction that will break the bonds apart. In the case of combustion, the catalyst is a spark. Fossil fuels are flammable, so the spark will ignite the fuel in a cylinder, breaking apart the bonds and releasing the energy. For respiration, enzymes are used to break the sugar molecule apart. After the bonds for the fuel are broken, the energy being released needs to be transported to the part of the "engine" where it will be used. For internal combustion engines, the force of the explosion pushes on a piston, which translates the force of the explosion into mechanical ene Continue reading >>

Energy And Atp

Energy is the ability to do work or cause change. In Science, when we use the word work, we're talking about moving something against a force. The key word here is moving--going from one place or position to another--and having to overcome a force to get there. The distance of the movement can be quite large (moving a rocket from the face of the earth to the moon or beyond...say, across the universe) or the distance can be very, very small (the space between a couple of molecules or from one cell to another). Whatever the distance, if we have to act against a force in order to move something from one place to another, work is being done. A person dragging a heavy load from one spot to another location is work. The body absorbing tiny nutrients (moving extremely small particles from one place to another) is also an example of work. This content requires Flash Player 10 or higher. Most of us don't speak chemicalese, so the above chemical equation translates as: produce one molecule of sugar (called glucose The foods made by AUTOTROPHS are stored in various organic compounds, primarily CARBOHYDRATES. One of the most important carbohydrates is a six carbon sugar called GLUCOSE Plants, algae, and some prokaryotes (Bacteria) are examples ofAutotrophs. Without Autotrophs, all other living things would DIE.Without PRODUCERS you cannot have CONSUMERS. Autotrophs not only make food for their own use, but store a great deal of food for use by other organisms (CONSUMERS). Most autotrophs use ENERGY from the SUN to make their food, but there are a few organisms deep in the ocean that obtain energy from INORGANIC COMPOUNDS. ( CHEMOSYNTHESIS Organisms that CANNOT make their own food are called HETEROTROPHS OR CONSUMERS. Heterotrophs include animals, fungi, and many unicellular organi Continue reading >>

Biology Chapter 8 Flashcards | Quizlet

organisms such as plants which make their own food are called autotrophs other organisms such as animals cannot use the sun's energy directly, these organisms obtain energy from the foods they consume living things use chemical fuels as well, one of the principal chemical compounds that cells useto store and release energy is adenosine triphosphate ATP. ATP consists of adrenine, a 5-carbon sugar called ribose and three phosphate groups. The three phosphate groups are the key to ATP's ability to store and release energy. What is the difference between ADP and ATP ADP is a compound that looks almost like ATP, except that it has 2 phosphate groups instead of 3, the difference is the key to the way in which living things store energy, when a cell has energy available it can store small amounts of it by adding a phosphate group to ADP molecules producing ATP. In a way, ATP is like a fully charged battery, ready to power the machinery of the cell. how is the energy that is stored in ATP released? simply by breaking the chemical bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphates, energy is released power a variety of cellular activities, including active transport across cell membranes, protein synthesis and muscle contraction what is the ultimate source of energy for plants what is ATP and what is its role in the cell principal chemical compounds that cells use to store and release energy- its main job is to power the machinery of the cell describe one cellular activity that uses the energy released by ATP variety - including active transport across cell membranes, protein synthesis and muscle contraction they make their own food and use light energy fromthe sun to produce food can't use light (sun) to make energy directly, so they obtain obtain energy from foods they consume (depends Continue reading >>

Difference Between Glucose And Glycogen

Categorized under Science | Difference Between Glucose and Glycogen Whats the difference between glucose and glycogen? To secondary school students, this question may come as easy as it is one of the most discussed topics in biology. There are many types of sugars namely: monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide. Glucose is a monosaccharide while glycogen is a polysaccharide. It is therefore a more complex sugar than glucose. When many glucose molecules bind altogether along with oxygen, glycogen can most likely be formed as an end result. The other difference between the two can be best explained by knowing the process of glucose metabolism. When a person eats food, the food components will be broken down by the body into simpler sugars termed glucose. If there is an excess of glucose in the system then it will be converted and then stored as glycogen in the liver. Similarly, if the liver (an organ that can normally hold as much as 100g of glycogen) is deficient in such, then the body will most likely tend to store the glucose as glycogen. If the true is correct (theres an excess of glycogen in the liver) then glycogen will be released to the muscle cells by first being broken down into glucose. The rate and extent of release will also be dependent on the bodys energy needs. During workouts, the energy source primarily used is glucose. But the muscles would rely more on glycogen most especially when glucose level are starting to get low. Hence, it is better to have sufficient amounts of glucose in the body so that the glucose can be used for other more vital functions like for brain function and not for the provision of energy for your muscles. This can be done by taking in some simple carbohydrates after you engage in strenuous physical exertions (the time whe Continue reading >>

Ucsb Science Line

How is ATP produced in cells; what is the difference between the energy-producing process in animal cells and plant cells? How much ATP is produced? You have asked a classic question in biology, and of course, a very important one. How living things produce usable energy is important not only from the perspective of understanding life, but it could also help us to design more efficient energy harvesting and producing products - if we could "mimic" how living cells deal with their energy balance, we might be able to vastly improve our technology. For example, a plant is a much better harvester of sunlight than even our best solar panel. And of course, if we understand energy use, it can also help us deal with human diseases such as diabetes. Now, the answer to your question can be found in any basic biology text book, but sometimes, there is so much information packed into such a text book that it can be difficult to extract the information you need or more often, to view all of that information in a larger context. Let's try to tackle your question in several parts. First, we need to know what ATP really is - chemically, it is known as adenosine triphosphate. ATP is a usable form of energy for cells - the energy is "trapped" in a chemical bond that can be released and used to drive other reactions that require energy (endergonic reactions). Photosynthetic organisms use energy from sunlight to synthesize their own fuels. They can convert harvested sunlight into chemical energy (including ATP) to then drive the synthesis of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water. When they synthesize the carbohydrates, oxygen gets released. Globally, more than 10 billion tons of carbon is "fixed" by plants every year - this means that carbon molecules are converted from being part o Continue reading >>

Molecular Biology Of The Cell. 4th Edition.

As we have just seen, cells require a constant supply of energy to generate and maintain the biological order that keeps them alive. This energy is derived from the chemical bond energy in food molecules, which thereby serve as fuel for cells. Sugars are particularly important fuel molecules, and they are oxidized in small steps to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (Figure 2-69). In this section we trace the major steps in the breakdown, or catabolism, of sugars and show how they produce ATP, NADH, and other activated carrier molecules in animal cells. We concentrate on glucose breakdown, since it dominates energy production in most animal cells. A very similar pathway also operates in plants, fungi, and many bacteria. Other molecules, such as fatty acids and proteins, can also serve as energy sources when they are funneled through appropriate enzymatic pathways. Go to: Food Molecules Are Broken Down in Three Stages to Produce ATP The proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides that make up most of the food we eat must be broken down into smaller molecules before our cells can use them—either as a source of energy or as building blocks for other molecules. The breakdown processes must act on food taken in from outside, but not on the macromolecules inside our own cells. Stage 1 in the enzymatic breakdown of food molecules is therefore digestion, which occurs either in our intestine outside cells, or in a specialized organelle within cells, the lysosome. (A membrane that surrounds the lysosome keeps its digestive enzymes separated from the cytosol, as described in Chapter 13.) In either case, the large polymeric molecules in food are broken down during digestion into their monomer subunits—proteins into amino acids, polysaccharides into sugars, and fats into fatty acids and g Continue reading >>

Adenosine Triphosphate (atp)

Adenosine triphosphate, also known as ATP, is a molecule that carries energy within cells. It is the main energy currency of the cell, and it is an end product of the processes of photophosphorylation (adding a phosphate group to a molecule using energy from light), cellular respiration , and fermentation. All living things use ATP. In addition to being used as an energy source, it is also used in signal transduction pathways for cell communication and is incorporated into deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) during DNA synthesis. This is a structural diagram of ATP. It is made up of the molecule adenosine (which itself is made up of adenine and a ribose sugar) and three phosphate groups. It is soluble in water and has a high energy content due to having two phosphoanhydride bonds connecting the three phosphate groups. ATP is the main carrier of energy that is used for all cellular activities. When ATP is hydrolyzed and converted to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), energy is released. The removal of one phosphate group releases 7.3 kilocalories per mole, or 30.6 kilojoules per mole, under standard conditions. This energy powers all reactions that take place inside the cell. ADP can also be converted back into ATP so that the energy is available for other cellular reactions. ATP is produced through several different methods. Photophosphorylation is a method specific to plants and cyanobacteria. It is the creation of ATP from ADP using energy from sunlight, and occurs during photosynthesis. ATP is also formed from the process of cellular respiration in the mitochondria of a cell. This can be through aerobic respiration , which requires oxygen, or anaerobic respiration , which does not. Aerobic respiration produces ATP (along with carbon dioxide and water) from glucose and oxygen. Ana Continue reading >>

Atp And Biological Energy

Adenosinetriphosphate (ATP) , the energy currency orcoin of the cell pictured in Figfures 1 and 2, transfers energy fromchemical bonds to endergonic (energy absorbing) reactions within the cell. Structurally, ATPconsists of the adenine nucleotide ( ribose sugar, adenine base, and phosphate group,PO4-2) plus two other phosphategroups. Figure 1. A 2-D stick view of the structure of ATP. The above drawing of ATP is from EcoCyc at Figure 2. A cartoon and space-filling view of ATP. Image from Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition, by Sinauer Associates ( www.sinauer.com ) and WH Freeman ( www.whfreeman.com ), used with permission. Energy is stored in the covalentbonds between phosphates, with thegreatest amount of energy (approximately 7 kcal/mole) in the bondbetween the second and third phosphate groups. This covalent bond isknown as a pyrophosphate bond. We can write the chemical reaction for theformation of ATP as: a) in chemicalese: ADP + Pi + energy ---->ATP b) in English: Adenosine diphosphate +inorganic Phosphate + energy produces Adenosine Triphosphate The chemical formula for the expenditure/releaseof ATP energy can be written as: a) in chemicalese: ATP ----> ADP + energy +Pi b) in English Adenosine Triphosphateproduces Adenosine diphosphate + energy + inorganic Phosphate An analogy between ATP and rechargeable batteriesis appropriate. The batteries are used, giving up their potentialenergy until it has all been converted into kinetic energy andheat/unusable energy. Recharged batteries (into which energy has beenput) can be used only after the input of additional energy.Thus, ATP is the higher energy form (the recharged battery) while ADPis the lower energy form (the used battery). When the terminal(third) phosphate is cut loose, ATP becomes ADP Continue reading >>

Phase I: The Enzymes In Detail

Enzymes of Glycolysis The different enzymes involved in glycolysis act as kinases, mutases, and dehydrogenases, cleaving enzymes, isomerases or enolases. They act in concert to split or rearrange the intermediates, to add on phosphate groups, and to move those phosphate groups onto ADP to make ATP. Several of the reactions involve the phosphorylation of intermediates, which is important not only for the production of ATP from ADP, but also as a useful handle on the substrate for enzyme binding, to trap intermediates within the cell, and to drive pathways in one direction by making phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reactions irreversible. The different enzymes have been split into two groups, those in phase I and those in phase II, simply for convenience. Catalyses: a-D-Glucose + ATP à Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) + ADP The first step in glycolysis is a priming reaction, where a phosphate group is added to glucose using ATP. This reaction is important for its ability to trap glucose within the cell. Whereas glucose can easily traverse the plasma membrane, the negatively charged phosphate group prevents G6P from crossing, so cells can stock up on glucose while levels are high. However, the hexokinase reaction is highly regulated, with G6P providing a feedback inhibition of the enzyme, thereby preventing excessive stockpiling until glycolysis depletes G6P levels. In mammals, there are four isozymes of hexokinase: types I, II, III and IV (glucokinase). These isozymes differ in their catalysis, localisation and regulation, thereby contributing to the different patterns of glucose metabolism in different tissues. Type I, II and III hexokinases can phosphorylate a variety of hexose sugars, including glucose, fructose and mannose, and as such are involved in a number of metab Continue reading >>

Chapter 8 Biology Bbc

Organisms that make their own food are called Most autotrophs obtain their energy from: How is it possible for most cells to function with only a small amount of ATP? ATP can be quickly regenerated from ADP and P. Compared to the energy stored in a molecule of glucose, ATP stores What is the ultimate source of energy for plants? What is ATP and what is its role in the cell ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate, which is one of the principle chemical compounds that living things use to store energy and release it for cell work to be done. Describe several cellular activities that uses the energy released by ATP. Active transport, movements within the cell, synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids, or responses to chemical signals. Autotrophs obtain energy by making their own food Heterotrophs obtain energy from the foods they consume With respect to energy, how are ATP and glucose similar? With respect to energy, how are ATP and glucose different? A single molecule of glucose stores more than 90 times the chemical energy of an ATP molecule. In van Helmont's experiment, most of the added mass of the tree came from Plants use the sugars produced in photosynthesis to make The raw materials required for plants to carry out photosynthesis are The colors of light that are absorbed by chlorophylls are What did van Helmont discover about plants? water is involved in increasing the mass of the plant What did Priestly (first bell jar experiment) discover about plants? a plant produces the substance in air required for burning What did Ingenhousz (second bell jar experiment) discover about plants? light is necessary for plants to produce oxygen Describe the process of photosynthesis, including the reactants and products. Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water a Continue reading >>

Ucsb Science Line

What is the difference between ADP and ATP? This is a pretty sophisticated question. ATPis short for "adenosine triphosphate" whichmeans there's one adenosine 3 phosphates in thismolecule. I'm guessing that you know that ATPis basically a way for the cells of your body tostore energy. To make things a little simpler,think of ATP as having 4 parts: the A (adenosine)and 3 P's (the phosphates). The energy is notstored in the A or the P's, but in the BONDSbetween the molecules. An ATP is kind of likea charged battery. When you take off one P, youget adenosine diphosphate or ADP (which isan A and 2 P's) plus an extra P. You also releasea bunch of energy that can be used by the cell todo work. So an ADP is like a battery that has lostsome of its charge. You can take off another Pand get adenosine monophosphate (AMP) andanother spare P, but your body usually uses AMPfor sending signals, so let's ignore that. Thereare pictures of these molecules at: Actually they're not true pictures because ATPis way too small to see, but they are models thatshow how we think they are put together. ATP is a sort of "universal power source"that allows your body to take the energy frompizza, carrots, or milk and turn it all into thesame type of energy. It's sort of like the way weuse electricity for most of our power needs eventhough the energy was once in the form of coal,water behind a dam, the inside of an atom, orsomething else. You wouldn't want to shovel coalinto your calculator. In the same way, it'seasier for all your cell's systems to use the samekind of power: ATP. Where does almost all of the energy on Earthcome from? ATP is a molecule with a lot of chemicalenergy. ATP stands for Adenosine Tri Phosphate, andthatthird phosphate is bonded to the other two with avery high energy bond, s Continue reading >>

Cell Energy And Cell Functions

Cells manage a wide range of functions in their tiny package — growing, moving, housekeeping, and so on — and most of those functions require energy. But how do cells get this energy in the first place? And how do they use it in the most efficient manner possible? Cells, like humans, cannot generate energy without locating a source in their environment. However, whereas humans search for substances like fossil fuels to power their homes and businesses, cells seek their energy in the form of food molecules or sunlight. In fact, the Sun is the ultimate source of energy for almost all cells, because photosynthetic prokaryotes, algae, and plant cells harness solar energy and use it to make the complex organic food molecules that other cells rely on for the energy required to sustain growth, metabolism, and reproduction (Figure 1). Cellular nutrients come in many forms, including sugars and fats. In order to provide a cell with energy, these molecules have to pass across the cell membrane, which functions as a barrier — but not an impassable one. Like the exterior walls of a house, the plasma membrane is semi-permeable. In much the same way that doors and windows allow necessities to enter the house, various proteins that span the cell membrane permit specific molecules into the cell, although they may require some energy input to accomplish this task (Figure 2). Complex organic food molecules such as sugars, fats, and proteins are rich sources of energy for cells because much of the energy used to form these molecules is literally stored within the chemical bonds that hold them together. Scientists can measure the amount of energy stored in foods using a device called a bomb calorimeter. With this technique, food is placed inside the calorimeter and heated until it bu Continue reading >>

How Are Atp And Glucose Similar? How Are They Different? | Yahoo Answers

How are ATP and glucose similar? How are they different? ATP and glucose are similar because they are both chemical sources of energy used by cells. They are very different in terms of composition and structure. Glucose is made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only whereas ATP has phosphorus and nitrogen in addition to the aforementioned three elements. Also, glucose is different from ATP in that the glucose does not have an aromatic ring even if it has a six membered cyclic ring. For the best answers, search on this site like a homework question but here's some basics.. Similarities: They are... show more For the best answers, search on this site Sounds like a homework question but here's some basics.. Similarities: They are both used as sources for energy. They hold energy in their chemical bonds. Differences: Glucose is used to make ATP. This is done through glycolisis, and the Kreb's cycle. Glucose is not used for energy directly, ATP is. Glucose: C6H12O6 ATP: adenosine triphosphate, an ester of adenosine and triphosphoric acid, C10H12N5O4H4P3O9 ATP= adenosine tri-phosphateGlucose = carbohydrateBoth are energy storage mediums. You breakdown glucose through the Kreb's Cycle and also... show more ATP= adenosine tri-phosphate Both are energy storage mediums. You breakdown glucose through the Kreb's Cycle and also oxidative phosphorylation to construct ATP. ATP is used a the cellular level as an energy source-metabolism. Glucose and ATP are different.Glucose is the most simpliest food our body can convert to ATP but not only Glucose. ATP is the only energy our cells can... show more Glucose and ATP are different. Glucose is the most simpliest food our body can convert to ATP but not only Glucose. ATP is the only energy our cells can use. Glucose - is a monosaccharide Continue reading >>

What Is The Difference Between Atp And Adp? How Is Energy Released From Glucose?

ATP stands for Adenosine Triphosphate. It is made up of an adenosine molecule and three inorganic phosphates, or a triphosphate. When one of these phosphates is removed, the energy that keeps human beings alive is produced. Therefore it is a crucial reaction in order to sustain life. When one of the three phosphates are removed the resulting compound is called ADP, Adenosine Diphosphate. ADP can be converted back into ATP so that it can be used again. Energy is required to do this, but the but there is an overall gain in energy when the process occurs. ATP is constantly being used by the body, so it needs to be replaced on a regular basis. This is done with glucose. So, when something is eaten and goes into the digestive system, the glucose creates ATP which can be used by the body. The other way that ATP is created is through respiration. This applies in both animals (including humans) and plants. The difference between the two is that plants do not obtain ATP through glucose. Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and other Energy-Releasing Pathways All organisms produce ATP by releasing energy stored in glucose and other sugars. All other organisms, including plants, must produce ATP by breaking down molecules such as glucose Aerobic respiration - the process by which a cell uses O2 to "burn" molecules and release energy The reaction: C6H12O6 + 6O2 >> 6CO2 + 6H2O Note: this reaction is the opposite of photosynthesis This reaction takes place over the course of three major reaction pathways Goal: break glucose down to form two pyruvates Who: all life on earth performs glyclolysis Glycolysis produces 4 ATP's and 2 NADH , but uses 2 ATP's in the process for a net of 2 ATP and 2 NADH NOTE: this process does not require O2 and does not yield much energy Glucose (6C) is broken down int Continue reading >>