1. Biochemistry Flashcards | Quizlet
Bonds formed through the more or less equal sharing of electrons between atoms a type of covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally. a type of covalent bond in which the electrons are NOT shared equally. the atom that pulls electrons toward itself gains a slight negative charge (because electrons have a negative charge). Since the other atom partially loses an electron, it gains a slight positive charge. H2O has ______. stronger than covalent polar bond, this type of bond happened when one atom pulled the shared electrons from the atoms entirely. The atoms that have lost one or more electrons (known as cations) and atoms that have gained one or more electrons (known as anions). some molecules have a slightly positive and a slightly negative end to them, or a _____. a type of specific dipole-dipole bond that occurs when hydrogen bonds with either oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine. It also helps binding the nitrogenous bases of DNA. water-loving. Substances that are polar will dissolve in water water-hating. Nonpolar are water-hating, such as lipids, and will not dissolve in water a phospholipid bilayer, only nonpolar substances can readily dissolve through it. Phospholipid is 2 fatty acid (1 unsat, 1 saturated) + glycerol + phosphate A proccess powered by adhesion that causes water molecules to move upward through a narrow tube such as the stem of a plant. it is hard to change the temperature of water, because you need to pull the molecules apart. Water mobilizes temperature, make temperature stable it's important for our survival, since our body is made of water, which allows us to dissolve materials quickly. ice floats. When other substance is cool, it will make them denser and sinks, but water ice floats. As temperature cools down, hydrogen bonds form into a Continue reading >>
Differences Between Simple Sugars & Starches
Differences Between Simple Sugars & Starches Robin Wasserman has been writing and prosecuting biochemical patents since 1998. She has served as a biochemical patent agent and a research scientist for a gene-therapy company. Wasserman earned her Doctor of Philosophy in biochemistry and molecular biology, graduating from Harvard University in 1995. Close-up of a cake being sliced.Photo Credit: eugenelucky/iStock/Getty Images Simple sugars and starches are part of a large group of compounds known as carbohydrates. Sugars are monosaccharides, or single units of specific molecules such as glucose, fructose, and mannose. Starches, on the other hand, are polysaccharides, long chains of chains of single sugar molecule subunits linked together. Simple sugars have a general chemical formula of CnH2nOn, where C stands for carbon, H stands for hydrogen, O stands for Oxygen, and n indicates a whole number. Glucose, for example, has the chemical formula, C6H12O6. There are two main types of simple sugars; aldoses, such as glucose, and ketoses, such as fructose. Starches are made up of chains of sugar molecules linked together. The specific stereochemistry of their linkage is important. Starch molecules link glucose units together by alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glucosidic bonds. Cellulose links glucose units together as well, but by beta-1,4 glucosidic bonds. In human cells, only the alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 bonds are recognized by enzymes involved in breaking down the starch. The beta-linkages are not. Even though both molecules are made of glucose, only starch can be digested, cellulose cannot. Simple sugars are abundant in the average American diet. They are readily found in such processed foods such as sodas, cakes, cookies, and ice-cream. However, simple sugars are also found in unpr Continue reading >>
Biology Test Sam Flashcards | Quizlet
A mixture in which one or more substances are evenly distributed in another substance. All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism A protein that increases the rate of a chemical reaction. Molecule with an unequal distribution of charge. Large molecule formed when smaller molecules bond together Net movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons. Atoms of two or more elements chemically combined Two atoms that share electrons are held together by Any substance that forms hydrogen ions in water is an The smaller subunits that make up nucleic acids are Unlike carbohydrates and lipids proteins contain A_______ is formed when two atoms share electrons, such as with hydrogen and oxygen in water An atom of fluorine has 9 electrons. Its 2nd energy level has... The total # of atoms in a molecule of sucrose c12 h22 o11 Glucose and fructose, both with the formula c6 h12 o6 differ in... A Chlorine atom becomes a chloride ion when it When molecules of glucose and fructose combine to form sucrose, they do so by? Water dissolves many ionic and molecular compounds because of its... Continue reading >>
Free Unfinished Flashcards About Bio 107 Exam1
2. The fundamental unit of life is thea. aggregate.b. organelle.c. organism.d. membrane.e. cell. 4. Heterotrophs obtain their energy froma. fungi.b. water.c. other organisms.d. vitamins.e. heat. 5. The initial accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere was the result of photosynthesis from an organism most like moderna. cyanobacteria.b. algae.c. mosses.d. kelp.e. eukaryotes. 6. Ozone is important to life on Earth because ita. is toxic to all forms of life.b. can be used in place of oxygen.c. blocks much ultraviolet radiation.d. provides energy to some basic forms of life.e. disinfects. 7. Eukarya include a. Protista.b. Plantae.c. Fungi.d. Animalia.e. All of the above 8. The part of the atom that determines how the atom behaves chemically is the a. proton.b. electron.c. neutron.d. innermost shell.e. nucleus. 9. Because atoms can have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons, elements havea. isotopes.b. more than one atomic mass listed on the periodic table.c. more than one atomic number.d. various means of forming chemical bonds. 10. All except _______ follow the octet rule.a. sodiumb. chlorinec. carbond. hydrogene. nitrogen 11. Hydrogen bondsa. form between two hydrogen atoms.b. form between hydrogen and oxygen atoms within a molecule.c. form between different molecules.d. involve sharing of electrons.e. are the strongest bonds because of their length. 13. What is the difference between covalent and ionic bonds . Covalent bonds are the sharing of electrons between atoms, whereas ionic bonds are the transfer of electrons from one atom to another. 14. Sweating is a useful cooling device for humans because watera. takes up a great deal of heat in changing from its liquid state to its gaseous state.b. takes up a great deal of heat in changing from its so Continue reading >>
Organic Compound #1: Carbohydrates
You are here: Home / Science / Physiology / Organic Compound #1: Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are sugars. Sugars are carbohydrates. Saccharide means sugar. We commonly divide carbs into three classes: 2. Disaccharides (made of two single sugars, snapped together) 3. Polysaccharides (many sugars snapped together) Theres hundreds of types of these but were going to go over just a few examples of each. The first two examples are 5-carbon atoms long: Ribose and Deoxyribose. Ribose is found in RNA. Deoxyribose is found in DNA. A deoxyribose is missing one oxygen, which is why its called de-oxy. The next three examples are 6-carbon atoms long: Glucose, Fructose and Galactose. Whats interesting about these are that all three of them are 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms and 6 oxygen atoms. The molecular formula for all three of them is C6H12O6 So wait a second If all three of them are C6H12O6, why are they different? They are isomers. The term we use when the atoms are the same molecular formula but arranged differently are chemical isomers. Isomer literally means same type but they are not identical. These three monosaccharides above are all C6H12O6 but clearly arranged differently. These three monosaccharides are mostly used as sources of energy by living cells, including ours. Whats also shown above is that these sugars are not a straight chain of carbon atoms. They are actually looped together as a ring-shape. This is known as a cyclic shape which refers to the ring shape. When you see pictures that look like this, recognize them as sugars. Three examples of Disaccharides (double sugars) 1. Sucrose aka cane sugar is made of glucose + fructose snapping together to form a disaccharide. Hydrogen from one and an OH from another are removed and thats where they attach together Continue reading >>
Simple Sugars: Fructose, Glucose And Sucrose
Simple sugars are carbohydrates. Glucose and fructose are monosaccharides and sucrose is a disaccharide of the two combined with a bond. Glucose and fructose have the same molecular formula (C6H12O6) but glucose has a six member ring and fructose has a five member ring structure. Fructose is known as the fruit sugar as its make source in the diet is fruits and vegetables. Honey is also a good source. Glucose is known as grape sugar, blood sugar or corn sugar as these are its riches sources. Listed in food ingredients as dextrose. Sucrose is the sugar we know as sugar or table sugar. Typically extracted as cane or beet sugar. If sucrose is treated with acid or heat, it hydrolyzes to form glucose and fructose. This mixture of sucrose, glucose and fructose is also called invert sugar. Nutritionally, these sugars are the same as they all provide 4 Cal/g. This is true for starch and other digestible carbohydrates too. Of the three sugars, fructose is the sweetest and glucose the least sweet, so typically less fructose can be used than table sugar (sucrose) – if sucrose has a sweetness of one, fructose is 1.7 and glucose 0.74 Fructose is more soluble than other sugars and hard to crystallize because it is more hygroscopic and holds onto water stronger than the others. This means that fructose can be used to extend the shelf life of baked products more than other sugars. Wikipedia has lots information on sugars, including information on the three I am interested in fructose, glucose and sucrose. Continue reading >>
Ap Bio Chemistry Of Life
the clinging of one substance to another. "Water molecule attached to another molecule" A colloid is mixture where at least two types of substances are placed together. The substances, also called particles do not change; each substance retains its own properties. They do not settle out of the mixture and cannot be seen. runs between 0-14 and measures the relative acidity and alkalinity of aqueous solutions one part of the nucleotide. A phosphate group is also called a phosphate and delivers the phosphate to ATP, AMP and AdP. NH2; The amino group is one of several nitrogen-containing functional groups found in organic molecules. What distinguishes the amino group is that the nitrogen atom is connected by single bonds to either hydrogen or carbon. CO ; ketones and aldehydes such as sugars --COOH; carboxylic acids such as fatty acids and sugars; acidic properties because it tends to ionize; source of H+ ions Functional groups attached to the carbon skeleton have diverse properties. The behavior of organic molecules is dependent on the identity of their functional group each of two or more chemical compounds having the same molecular formula but a different geometric arrangement; an unsaturated compound or ring compound in which rotation around a carbon bond is restricted, as in cis- and trans- configurations. any of a class of compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon OH ; Alcohols such as ethanol, methanol; helps dissolve molecules such as sugars molecules that have the same molecular formula but differ in their arrangement of these atoms. Examples: Glucose and fructose (both have molecular formula C6H12O6) each of a pair of molecules/isomers that are mirror images of each other Any of two or more chemical compounds, such as propyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol, hav Continue reading >>
Molecular Weight Of C6h12o6
This compound is also known as Glucose or Fructose or Galactose . Calculate the molecular weightof a chemical compound Browse the list of common chemical compounds . More information onmolar mass and molecular weight In chemistry, the formula weight is a quantity computed by multiplying the atomic weight (in atomic mass units) of each element in a chemical formula by the number of atoms of that element present in the formula, then adding all of these products together. Formula weights are especially useful in determining the relative weights of reagents and products in a chemical reaction. These relative weights computed from the chemical equation are sometimes called equation weights. The atomic weights used on this site come from NIST, the National Institute of Standards and Technology. We use the most common isotopes. This is how to calculate molar mass (average molecular weight), which is based on isotropically weighted averages. This is not the same as molecular mass, which is the mass of a single molecule of well-defined isotopes. For bulk stoichiometric calculations, we are usually determining molar mass, which may also be called standard atomic weight or average atomic mass. Using the chemical formula of the compound and the periodic table of elements, we can add up the atomic weights and calculate molecular weight of the substance. A common request on this site is to convert grams to moles . To complete this calculation, you have to know what substance you are trying to convert. The reason is that the molar mass of the substance affects the conversion. This site explains how to find molar mass. If the formula used in calculating molar mass is the molecular formula, the formula weight computed is the molecular weight. The percentage by weight of any atom or gro Continue reading >>
Monosaccharides Glucose Fructose Galactose
Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates and are classified according to whether they are aldehyde or ketone derivatives, as well as the number of atoms contained in the molecule. Single hexoses, glucose and galactose require no digestion and can be absorbed directly into the bloodstream. Hexoses contain six carbon atoms, and are found in foods, while pentoses, ribose and deoxyribose contain five carbon atoms and are produced during the metabolism of foodstuffs. Three common sugars—glucose, galactose, and fructose, share the same molecular formula: C6H12O6. Because of their six carbon atoms, each is a hexose. Although all three share the same molecular formula, the arrangement of atoms differs in each case. Substances such as these three, which have identical molecular formulas but different structural formulas, are known as structural isomers. "Blood sugar" is the immediate source of energy for cellular respiration. Glucose, which is also referred to as dextrose, is a moderately sweet sugar found in vegetables and fruit. When glucose is fermented by the enzyme zymase, in yeast, it results in the formation of carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol. It is the basic structure to which all carbohydrates are reduced to in the end, for transport via the bloodstream and use by the cells of the body. Two different pathways are involved in the metabolism of glucose: one anaerobic and one aerobic. The anaerobic process occurs in the cytoplasm and is only moderately efficient. The aerobic cycle takes place in the mitochondria and results in the greatest release of energy. As the name implies, though, it requires oxygen. Galactose is not normally found in nature, but is mostly hydrolyzed from the disaccharide lactose, which is found in milk, as part of a disaccharide made by Continue reading >>
What Elements Make Up Glucose?
Glucose, also called grape sugar, blood sugar or corn sugar, is among the simplest and one of the primary naturally occurring sugars. Produced naturally by plants as the primary photosynthesis product, it is heavily used by living beings as a main energy source and is necessary for cellular respiration. Chemically, it is a monosaccharide carbohydrate and serves as a building block for complex sugars like starch. Glucose is a hydrocarbon, so it contains -- you guessed it -- carbon and hydrogen. It also contains oxygen. Carbon is the fourth most abundantly occurring element in the universe and is found in all known living things, making it the chemical foundation of known life. Every glucose molecule contains six atoms of carbon. One of those is grouped with one atom each of oxygen and hydrogen to form an aldehyde group, making glucose an aldohexose. Carbon is both a waste product and an energy source in cellular respiration occurring with glucose molecules and forms the base element in the cellular respiratory cycles of glycolysis and the subsequent Kreb's cycle in which glucose is transformed into energy. Glucose can also be transformed into other energy compounds like galactose by oxidizing a singular carbon element within the glucose molecule. The lightest and the most abundantly occurring element in the universe, hydrogen accounts for nearly 3/4 of the entire universe's mass. There are 12 hydrogen atoms found in each glucose molecule. Although it does not bond well with carbon directly in its elemental form, reactions between the non-elemental forms of the two elements do form molecules containing the carbon-hydrogen bond which is found in most, if not all organic compounds--like glucose. Its high reactivity to electronegative elements, including oxygen, results in Continue reading >>
- Exercise and Glucose Metabolism in Persons with Diabetes Mellitus: Perspectives on the Role for Continuous Glucose Monitoring
- Postprandial Blood Glucose Is a Stronger Predictor of Cardiovascular Events Than Fasting Blood Glucose in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Particularly in Women: Lessons from the San Luigi Gonzaga Diabetes Study
- Does Diabetes Make You Tired and Sleepy?
Principles Of Life - David M. Hillis - Google Books
0 Reviews Principles of Life cuts through the thicket of excessive detail and factual minutiae to focus on what matters most in the study of biology today. Students explore the most essential biological ideas and information in the context of the field's defining experiments, and are actively engaged in analyzing research data. The result is a textbook that is hundreds of pages shorter (and significantly less expensive) than the current majors introductory books. Capture attention from the outset with a story that sets up an interesting question in a recognizable real-world context (How does caffeine work at the cell membrane?). Students revisit this question and its answer at the end of the chapter, having learned the necessary information to comprehend it. * Each chapter is organized into sections, each of which explores a single essential concept in light of established facts and relevant experimental evidence. * A 'Key Concepts' list begins each chapter. * 'Do You Understand the Concept?' questions conclude each section, progressing from simple recall questions to questions that require critical thinking at higher levels of Bloom's Taxonomy. * 'Apply the Concept' critical thinking exercises, embedded in the chapter, ask students to interpret data and draw conclusions. These exercises can be used in class or assigned as homework. * A Summary provides a thorough review of the chapter content, including key figures, and directs students to relevant resources online. This feature focuses on techniques and quantitative methods scientists use to investigate biological systems. * 'Investigation' figures describe a key experiment's hypothesis, methods, results, and conclusion. * 'Analyze the Data' are additional sections where students analyze real data from the experiment
Glucose
This article is about the naturally occurring D-form of glucose. For the L-form, see L-Glucose. Glucose is a simple sugar with the molecular formula C6H12O6, which means that it is a molecule that is made of six carbon atoms, twelve hydrogen atoms, and six oxygen atoms. Glucose circulates in the blood of animals as blood sugar. It is made during photosynthesis from water and carbon dioxide, using energy from sunlight. It is the most important source of energy for cellular respiration. Glucose is stored as a polymer, in plants as starch and in animals as glycogen. With six carbon atoms, it is classed as a hexose, a subcategory of the monosaccharides. D-Glucose is one of the sixteen aldohexose stereoisomers. The D-isomer, D-glucose, also known as dextrose, occurs widely in nature, but the L-isomer, L-glucose, does not. Glucose can be obtained by hydrolysis of carbohydrates such as milk sugar (lactose), cane sugar (sucrose), maltose, cellulose, glycogen, etc. It is commonly commercially manufactured from cornstarch by hydrolysis via pressurized steaming at controlled pH in a jet followed by further enzymatic depolymerization.[3] In 1747, Andreas Marggraf was the first to isolate glucose.[4] Glucose is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.[5] The name glucose derives through the French from the Greek γλυκός, which means "sweet," in reference to must, the sweet, first press of grapes in the making of wine.[6][7] The suffix "-ose" is a chemical classifier, denoting a carbohydrate. Function in biology[edit] Glucose is the most widely used aldohexose in living organisms. One possible explanation for this is that glucose has a lower tendency than other aldohexoses to react nonspecific Continue reading >>
- Exercise and Glucose Metabolism in Persons with Diabetes Mellitus: Perspectives on the Role for Continuous Glucose Monitoring
- Postprandial Blood Glucose Is a Stronger Predictor of Cardiovascular Events Than Fasting Blood Glucose in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Particularly in Women: Lessons from the San Luigi Gonzaga Diabetes Study
- Exercise and Blood Glucose Levels
Making Sugar From Carbon Dioxide: The Calvin Cycle
The process of photosynthesis is often described as turning sunlight into sugars, and while that's broadly true, there are two distinct biochemical reactions taking place. The first uses the sunlight to create energy inside the cell and the second takes carbon dioxide and uses it to make sugars. The second is the Calvin cycle although the name is a little unfashionable nowadays. It's politer to refer to it as the Calvin–Benson-Bassham cycle or the reductive pentose phosphate cycle, but with all due apologies to Misters Benson and Bassham, the Calvin Cycle is quicker to write. Turning carbon dioxide into sugar may sound fairly magical, but it becomes a more conceivable when you consider that both carbon dioxide (CO2) and glucose (C6H12O6) contain roughly the same sort of elements. The Calvin cycle just adds on all the extra elements required. Having said that, the 'just' is still a fairly major task, requiring different enzymes all working in the correct order. The carbon dioxide molecules diffuse into the cells through small holes in the underside of the leaf. The first enzyme that picks them up is called Rubisco. Despite sounding like a small corporate venture, Rubisco is actually one of the most important enzymes in the world. Without Rubisco, plants would not be able to make sugars, which means that animals would not be able to survive on plants. Rubisco catalysis the connection of the small molecule ribulose-1.5-bisphosphate phosphate (RuBP) to carbon dioxide - therefore fixing the inorganic CO2 as an organic molecule. RuBP contains 5 carbons as well as oxygen, hydrogen and phosphate and it bonds to the CO2 to create a 6 carbon molecule. This promptly splits into two small 3 carbon molecules as shown in the reaction scheme below: These two 3 carbon molecules then Continue reading >>
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates (also called saccharides) are molecular compounds made from just three elements: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Monosaccharides (e.g. glucose) and disaccharides (e.g. sucrose) are relatively small molecules. They are often called sugars. Other carbohydrate molecules are very large (polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose). Carbohydrates are: a source of energy for the body e.g. glucose and a store of energy, e.g. starch in plants building blocks for polysaccharides (giant carbohydrates), e.g. cellulose in plants and glycogen in the human body components of other molecules eg DNA, RNA, glycolipids, glycoproteins, ATP Monosaccharides Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates and are often called single sugars. They are the building blocks from which all bigger carbohydrates are made. Monosaccharides have the general molecular formula (CH2O)n, where n can be 3, 5 or 6. They can be classified according to the number of carbon atoms in a molecule: n = 3 trioses, e.g. glyceraldehyde n = 5 pentoses, e.g. ribose and deoxyribose ('pent' indicates 5) n = 6 hexoses, e.g. fructose, glucose and galactose ('hex' indicates 6) There is more than one molecule with the molecular formula C5H10O5 and more than one with the molecular formula C6H12O6. Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae are called structural isomers. Glyceraldehyde's molecular formula is C3H6O3. Its structural formula shows it contains an aldehyde group (-CHO) and two hydroxyl groups (-OH). The presence of an aldehyde group means that glyceraldehyde can also be classified as an aldose. It is a reducing sugar and gives a positive test with Benedict's reagent. CH2OHCH(OH)CHO is oxidised by Benedict's reagent to CH2OHCH(OH)COOH; the aldehyde group is oxidised to Continue reading >>
Glucose And Fructose Have The Same General Formula. Explain Why They Are Two Distinct Monosaccharides? | Yahoo Answers
Glucose and fructose have the same general formula. Explain why they are two distinct monosaccharides? Are you sure you want to delete this answer? Best Answer: Isomers are a very common occurrence in organic chemistry. Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula that behave differently and are essentially completely different compounds due to their different structure - the order, orientation and 3D position of their atoms. Glucose and fructose are both monosaccharides (simple sugars). All simple sugars, including glucose and fructose, belong in the group of carbonyl compounds, meaning that one of their carbon atoms (the carbonyl C-atom) is linked to another carbon atom, an oxygen atom via a double bond and has a free spot to bind either a hydrogen atom (which is the case if the carbonyl C-atom is the first C-atom in the chain of C-atoms) or another C-atom (if the carbonyl C-atom is in the middle of the chain). Compounds that have the carbonyl C as the first one in the chain are called aldehydes. Compounds that have the carbonyl C in the middle of the chain are called ketones. Sugars are basically aldehydes and ketones that have OH (hydroxyl) groups bound to several of their non-carbonyl C-atoms. Most sugars carry the suffix '-ose' in their name. Sugars derived from aldehydes (carbonyl C first in the chain) are called aldoses, and sugars derived from ketones (carbonyl C in the middle of the chain) are called ketoses. Both glucose and fructose have 6 carbon atoms, but glucose is an aldose and fructose is a ketose. They are isomers - have the same number of C, O and H atoms, but their special C atom is located in a different place in the chain, which causes them to have different properties. This is mostly noticeable when you look at the way the two molecules Continue reading >>
